德國侵權行為法的體系結構與歷史演變

The Structure and Historical Evolution of German Tort Law

《德國民法典》是德國從自由競爭資本主義階段向壟斷資本主義階段過渡時期的產物，帶有了濃厚的自由競爭資本主義的色彩。這一背景在德國侵權法上便體現為三個小的一般條款的限制模式。這一模式在外在結構上體現為以過錯責任為中心，避免對一般財產利益的全面保護，因而對危險責任的規則不足並且使純粹財產利益的保護受到限制。在內在結構上這一模式體現為傳統的三階層結構－－構成要件符合性、違法性和有責任，但它存在著內在的缺陷。經過一百多年的發展，這一侵權法模式在高度發達的工業社會中逐漸暴露出其弊端，因而在20世紀中期後學者和立法機關多次提議對其進行修訂，然而大部分都未最終得到落實。因而德國侵權法在立法上至今仍基本上保持了它一百多年的面貌，對它的侵蝕和顛覆實際上正悄悄地通過司法實踐來實現，這一過程的主要工具就是交易安全義務。

The German Civil Code came into being during the German transformation from laisser faire capitalism to monopoly capitalism, so it bears the dense characters of laisser faire capitalism. The restrictive mode of the three small general clauses of the German tort law just reflects this background. In its outer structure, this mode is based on the fault principle and aims to avoid the comprehensive protection of general economic interests, so the lacks of the regulation of strict liability and the protection of pure economic interests are also limited. In its inner structure, this mode appears in the form of the traditional Three-level structure--Tatbestandmassigkeit. Rechts-widrigkeit and Verschulden, which has its inner defects. This mode has gradually showed its defects in the highly developed industry society during the over 100 years after the enactment of the German Civil Code. So since the mid 20 century, scholars and the legislature have proposed several times to amend the German tort law, Nevertheless, at last nearly all failed. Thus the German tort law almost keeps its original form in the Code, but the erosion and overturn of it has already taken place through the judicature, whose main tool is Verkehrspflichten.