和而不流，別而不僻──論錢澄之《田間詩學》中「群」的意涵

Harmony but no Flock, Separation but no Seclusion: On the Significance of Gregariousness in Countryside School on Book of Lyrics by Chien, Cheng-zhi

「群」──和群也。孔子曾云：「鳥獸不可與同群」，人勢必要在人群中謀求生存與發展。然若身處於異朝之下的「遺民」，既無法殉國以守節，更無法苟合於世，他們又該如何在人世中和群發展？錢澄之（西元1612-1693）乃明末遺民，歷經帝王政權轉移，終生不仕清，固窮守志，為遺民「高壽者」（享年八十二歲）。其著作有《田間易學》、《田間詩學》、《田間文集》、《田間詩集》等書，其中《田間詩學》乃其注《詩經》之作。觀其詩文與《田間詩學》，我們可發現到一個頗弔詭的情境，就是其詩文並不因其遭遇到國破家亡、妻離子散等生命鉅變，而充滿著「悲怨不平」、「慷慨激昂」等情志，相反的，言意之中，頗多透露出「溫厚和平」的傾向，且尤以晚年的詩文、《詩》注為主。其《田間詩學》可謂兼采漢、宋，旁援明儒之論，但終以毛《傳》說解為旨歸。對名物、訓詁考證詳實，且多以「史」解詩。在此，錢氏《田間詩學》「群」的意涵可分為兩部分探討：即一是惜身傳道，順人不失己 ；二是伯夷之心，情不溢而獨至。時遷世移之際，如何安頓生命，堅持遺民之姿，以抗與時俱變的自我異化，尤其如何追憶，與保存一個文明崩裂、現實烈變的時代，而不讓歷史俱往，凡此種種，均在錢氏詩文中，多所關注與描述。

“Gregariousness” refers to tendency to live in groups; meanwhile, Confucius said, “Never be gregarious with birds and animals.”Chien, Chen-chi (AD 1612-1693) as a long-lived adherent of Ming Dynasty refused to serve Ching Dynasty all his lifetime but dedicated himself to many fabulous works as follows: Countryside School on Book of Changes, Countryside School on Book of Lyrics, Countryside Essays, Countryside Poems, etc., among which Countryside School on Book of Lyrics was the annotation of Book of Lyrics. As we can see, his articles and work Countryside School on Book of Lyrics represent a paradox; that is, he did not show his resentment of drastic tragedies in life such as a home shattered and a country overthrown but revealed his “peacefulness” and “mellowness” in poems and essays in his late later days. Given what is mentioned above, gregariousness in Chien’s Countryside School on Book of Lyrics indicates two strata of significance: Preaching by valuing oneself, compliance by commitment to oneself, and Bo-yi’s heart with implicit affection rather than explicit love.