《公政盟約》與外國人的居住遷徒自由

ICCPR and Foreigners’ Right to Freedom of Movement

雖然外國人應受平等對待，但這並不表示其與本國人應受相同對待；在某些基本權利的行使上，本國人與外國人「本質上」還是有區別之必要。也就是說，外國人與本國人之間的差別待遇是被容許的，重點在個別差別待遇是否合理？本文從各項國際公約對於「外國人的居住遷徙自由」關連問題的規定，在學說上針對外國人的「遷徙自由」、「居住自由」問題，並討論進入自己本國以外其他任何國家的「進入權（遷入權）」問題，以及合法居留之外國人不受非法驅逐出境的權利。關於外國人的居住遷徙自由，主要包括「遷徙自由」、「居住自由」、「離開權（遷出權）」和「返國權」；儘管沒有提及進入自己本國以外的其他任何國家的「進入權（遷入權）」，但是在第三項也列舉需加以限制的例外情況。最後提及《公民權利與政治權利國際盟約》第十三條規定的權利，特別是關於對外國人基本權利設定差別的待遇時，其法理基礎主要為主權與人權之折衝。

Although foreigners should be treated equal in terms of human rights and law, it does not necessarily mean the treatment should be absolute equal between the nationals and foreigners. As to the exercise of certain basic rights, nationals and foreigners are indeed different in nature. That is, the different treatment between nationals and foreigners should be allowed but the differences thereof should be reasonable. This article analyze some related problems concerning the freedom of movement of foreigners from several important international treaties. Theoretically, the author focuses on the issues of “freedom of movement” and the “freedom of residence” as well as the “right to enter any other third countries” and the right not to be illegally expelled enjoyed by the foreigner. With regard to the foreigner’s right to free movement, it includes the freedom of movement, freedom of residence, right to departure and the right to return its home country. Although the right to entry is not explicitly provided in the Treaty, several exceptional circumstances to regulate the entry are indeed referred by the Treaty. Finally the article 13 of the ICCPR is adopted by the author to analyze the balance of the sovereign power and foreigners rights.