保護責任的第一個十年：國際法規範調校中

The First Decade of R2P: Recalibrating the International Norm

自2005年聯合國大會通過世界元首峰會《成果文件》以來，保護責任正式登上國際政治舞台已度過第一個十年。作為人道干預的替代架構，保護責任在過去十年面臨多項國際危機的挑戰，當初所抱持的樂觀期待迅速流失，並引發許多爭論。本文的主要目的，在於檢視保護責任第一個十年的發展，透過理念上爭辯以及聯合國實踐紀錄的整理，歸納出過去十年來此一規範內涵的演變，並再次反思其作為新興國際規範的法律意涵為何？本文認為，主張保護責任朝向習慣國際法演進的傳統觀點過度樂觀，這反映出國際關係建構主義對於規範的法律性質缺乏足夠的重視。保護責任的內涵在過去十年出現相當的轉換，而最具爭議的第三支柱仍未能取得普遍的國際共識，遑論取代既有的國際法規則。

The past decade has witnessed the rise of responsibility to protect (R2P) as the alternative framework to tackle mass atrocities and humanitarian disasters across the world. Nevertheless, the optimistic expectation shared by scholars and officials during the 2005 UN World Summit quickly waned as various crises exposed the still unsolved puzzle of coercive intervention. Strong criticisms have emerged after the controversial enforcement of the Security Council's 1973 resolution on Libya, so has a new wave of debate surrounding the nature and scope of R2P. This article reviews the evolution of R2P in its first decade from both conceptual and practice aspects. The study reveals that the content of R2P has changed significantly in the last decade, and the inconsistent record of practice suggests the uncertainty of its legal status. Theoretically, the constructivist literature overlooks the gap between international norms and international legal principles. Increasing consensus on the first and second pillars of R2P is insufficient to confirm a new international custom. The prospect of status transformation hinges on the reform of the Security Council's decision-making procedures.