法外空間及其範圍－－側重刑法的考察

Lawless Space and It's Limits-With an Emphasis on Criminal Law

法外空間是極具爭議的概念。若非堅持傳統自然法學說或極端的評價規範說，便應承認存在著法律依其性質無法企及的法外空間。自然現象、野生動物行為、意志無法支配的身體動靜等均屬其例，時間和空間的限制也會產生法外空間。然而，在現代法秩序背景下，法外空間的成立範圍極為有限。日常行為、科學研究、文化藝術等原則上並非法外空間，人們的內心思想與價值觀念也在一定範圍內受到法律的支配。在刑法中，對生命的緊急避險因符合構成要件而落入秩序的規制範圍，並不屬於法外空間。其超出了社會團結義務的限度，無法通過緊急避險合法化，故而違法。自主決定的自殺屬於生命權和人格尊嚴等憲法基本權利的保障內容，是合法行為，亦非法外空間。

‘Lawless space’ is a highly controversial concept. Anyone ought to admit the existence of lawless space if he or she doesn’t insist traditional theory of natural law or extreme evaluating norms theory. Lawless space being discussed here includes natural phenomenon, wild animal behaviors and body movements which cannot be controlled by one’s will. Besides, restrictions of time and space can also lead to lawless space. However, in the context of contemporary law and order, lawless space is extremely limited. Daily behaviors, scientific research and culture and art cannot be considered as examples of lawless space in principle, even thoughts and values in people’s mind are dominated by law within a certain range. In Criminal Law, killing of one person in order to save a greater number of other lives is regulated by law and thus does not belong to lawless space anymore. It goes beyond the limit of the duty of solidarity, can no longer be justified by the defense of necessity and therefore becomes illegal. On the other hand, the right to commit suicide is implied by fundamental constitutional rights, namely the right of life and the right of human dignity. Suicide is thus a legal conduct, and not an example of lawless space.