起訴程序的理論基礎與制度前景

The Theoretical Foundation and Institutional Future of Docketing Procedure

為解決“立案難”並保障當事人訴權，十八屆四中全會提出以立案登記制取代立 案審查制。民事訴訟是一個按階段循序漸進的過程，其中既要考慮當事人與法官的權限配置關係，又要考慮訴的評價位階原理。就權限配置而言，起訴程序大致可以分為登記薄制、事前審查制與期日制三種，其中期日制為大陸法系通用模型；根據訴的評價位元階理論，起訴制度之本質在於法官如何評價訴的成立要件。在期日制下，起訴由法院審查訴狀之必要記載事項和有效送達訴狀組成。若必要記載事項有所欠缺，立案庭得命令當事人補正、駁回訴狀甚至裁定不予受理。藉此，法院與原告之間的關係由案件受理簡化為訴狀審查。從法系意識立場考察， 我國民事起訴程序應當向著期日制方向發展。

In order to eliminate the obstruction on docketing case and protect the litigation rights of parties, the 4th plenary session of 18th CPC Central Committee raises the case registration system to replace the case examination system as the case docketing procedure. Civil litigation is a unified proceeding that proceeds phase by phase. Therefore, the reform on docketing will not only influence the case filing procedure, but also influence the coordination of each phase of the litigation. The reform on docketing shall not only consider the power allocation between parties and the court, but also consider the evaluation hierarchy of claim. On the power allocation, the docketing procedure pattern of civil law system can be classified into registration pattern, pre-litigation examination pattern and trial date pattern. Among them it is the trial date pattern that becomes the common pattern applied in civil law system. According to the evaluation hierarchy of claim, the essence of docketing is how the court evaluates the docketing conditions of a claim. Under the trial date pattern, the docketing conditions of a claim consist of the necessary matters recorded on the complaint pleading and the effective service of the pleading. If there is a flaw on the recording of necessary matters, the docketing court shall order the plaintiff to correct such flaw, dismiss the pleading or even dismiss the docketing of the complaint. In this case, the docketing relation between the plaintiff and the court can be simplified from case examination to pleading examination. Judging from the legal culture, the civil docketing procedure of China shall develop towards the trial date pattern.