社會大眾對中度智能不足者的認識與態度研究

Public Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Moderate Mentally Retarded Persons

世界先進國家對智能不足者的安置，已朝向“正常化”的措施發展，儘量讓智能不足者有正常的學習環境與社會生活。因此，像“回歸主流”和“反養護機構制”的運動漸受到一般社會大眾的重視。然在此一片統合的呼聲中，一般社會大眾對中度智能不足者的認識和態度，卻關係著此一運動的成敗。因此，本研究設計兩個量表，包括22題陳述句態度評定量表及10題語義分析量表。量表內容經因素分析得九個因素後，再進行變異數分析，以瞭解535位接受調查的民眾對中度智能不足者的認識和看法是否因性別、年齡、教育、職業之不同而有差異。此外，也比較曾選修和未選修專業課程兩組間以及子女在學和未在學兩組間看法之差異。研究結果顯示，女性、教育程度較高者、年青人以及曾選修專業課程者對中度智能不足者的學習、生活、工作和性格的看法持較接納和積極的態度，而男性、子女在學者、未選修過專業課程者對中度智能不足學童的教育安置較傾向於特殊學校或教養機構之措施。對有關智能不足的成因，曾選修專業課程者、教育程度與職業層次較高者都較傾向於遺傳因素之看法。植基於研究結果，筆者提出五項建議，使中度智能不足者在接受適當的特殊教育訓練後，能順利轉移至社區生活或增加其工作機會，以免不正確的態度與做法，更助長其依賴和孤立，而增加日後的家庭和社會負擔。

The recent trend toward integrating moderate mentally retarded persons in the community and public school warrants examination of public attitudes toward these persons. Factor analysis of questionnaires responses of 535 subjects revealed nine factors underlying attitudes toward retarded persons: the educational placement, the right of education, the abilities of learning and living, the daily living placement, social contact, etiology of mental retardation and attributes of mental retardation. Results of this study indicated that female, the young, people with higher education as well as having selected special education courses tended to hold more favorable and positive attitudes to retarded persons in the areas of social contact, daily living placement and attributes of mental retardation. In addition, male, parents of school-aged children, and people with having no special education courses tended to favor school segregation of retarded children. Concerning the causes of mental retardation, people with having selected special education courses, higher education and vocation tended to hold the genetic factor. Based on an authentic investigation, this study suggests five points to people and the educational authorities if retarded persons are to be successfully integrated into public school and society.