日本《NPO法》的實施對非營利組織發展之影響分析

Analysis on the Influence from the Enforcement of Japanese NPO Law on the Development of NPO

日本在歷經阪神大地震後，在短短的3年內以極快的速度於1998年3月制定完成《特定非營利活動促進法》（以下簡稱《NPO法》），並於同年12月正式實施。之後，包含都道府縣與市町村在內的各地方自治體也多積極規劃非營利組織的發展策略或方針，甚至制定非營利組織相關支援條例，期待在賦予非營利團體法人格後，能藉此改變過去公共政策或公共服務由中央政府單一主導的局面，在非營利團體的參與之下，除能滿足民眾多元的需求外，還能提升公共服務的效率與品質。因此，本文的主要研究目的在於探討《NPO法》實施後對日本非營利組織發展的影響。研究發現，《NPO法》實施後在認證法人數增加、非營利組織活動範圍的擴大與多樣化，以及提高社會對非營利組織的信賴等方面確實產生正面效益，但是卻也衍生出解散非營利組織數的增加、組織財務規模並未明顯改變、地方政府對於NPO法人的監督機制尚未完備，以及法人化制度應再檢討等課題。

With its rapid enactment in March 1998 in the wake of 1995 Hanshin earthquake, Japanese NPO law (Non-Profit Organization Law) was enforced officially at that same year. In view of an enforcement of this act, it thus inspired the local self-governing bodies to initiate a drawing-up of developmental strategies or policies for NPO actively, as those bodies even enacted NPO-related supporting statutes in the hopes of changing the situation that public policies or services were guided by central government in the past after endowing NPO with corporate personality as well as satisfying people's diversified needs and elevating the efficiency and quality of public service in the wake of NPO's participation. Therefore, this research aims to explore the influence from the enforcement of NPO law on the development of Japanese NPO. Findings of this research would further reveal the increasing number of authentication corporate, expansion and diversity for scope of NPO activities and the elevation of positive effect on the credibility of NPO from the public in the wake of enforcement of NPO Law. Notwithstanding, it also evolves the increasing trend of NPO dissolved, insignificant change of the organization's financial scale, incomplete supervision mechanism on NPO corporate by local governments and review of issues concerning corporate system.