中國NGO的發展現狀及其政策分析

Development and System Analysis of NGOs in China

本文使用一個較為寬泛的中國NGO定義，分別從縱向的歷史視角與橫向的現實視角考察中國NGO的發展及其特點，在此基礎上，提出相應的政策主張，並簡要分析了若干機遇與挑戰。從歷史上看，中國雖曾有過NGO的一段輝煌時期，但其主要發展是在改革開放以來。在近20多年中，中國NGO經歷了三次發展高潮。從現實中看，中國的NGO在總量上表現為一個異常巨大的群體，存在紛繁多樣的組織形式，其活動領域遍及社會生活的各方面；在結構上則呈現出顯著的區域分布不均、活動範圍有限、單體規模不大等特點，表明其能力受到很大的限制。同時，由於受到資源與能力、法規與體制等方面的限制，中國NGO在發展上存在一些較為突出的問題。為解決這些問題，政府需要轉變觀念，努力構建分類監管、資源引導及行為控制的新型管理體制，同時要完善立法、統一監管、著力推展包括公益服務組織在內的新型公共服務體系的建設。

Using the wide definition of NGOs, this article gives a general view of the development and features of NGOs in China from both vertically historical and horizontally realistic perspectives. On this basis, it presents some related policy and briefly analyzes certain chances and challenges confronted in China. From the historical point of view, NGOs in China once had a period of glory since the Reform and Opening-up. In recent 20 years, China’s NGOs have experienced three development upsurges. From the point of reality, the total amount of NGOs in China is a huge group with highly diverse in organization forms and activity fields which have covered all dimensions of social lives. However, the structure of NGOs in China is showing significant unbalance, likely uneven regional distributions, limited territories, small sizes, which limited the exertion of their capacity. Meanwhile, some restrictions of regulations and political constitution show that there are still a number of serious issues to be settled on the development of NGOs in China. Thereby, the government needs to change the conventional concepts, strive to build a new management system of classified regulation, resource induction and behavior control, and simultaneously improve legislation, unified supervision, and focus on promoting the establishment of the new public service system which includes public service organizations.