青少年道德判斷、價值取向發展及其與道德觀念影響源之關係

The Developments of Adolescents' Moral Judgment, Value Orientation and Their Relations to Sources of Influence on Moral Thought

我們修訂和編製了適合中國大陸青少年品德發展狀況的測查工具SRM-SF、VTS和MAS，信度和效度令人滿意並易於操作。對186名青少年的測查結果表明，道德判斷和價值取向的發展與其影響源具有對應關係：10-12歲小學生和14-15歲初中生的道德判斷處於不成熟水平，對應於家庭影響源和教育者影響源；16-17歲高中生和20-23歲大學生的道德判斷已達成熟水平，對應於社會的和諧幸福和尊嚴與公正影響源；中小學生道德觀念影響源權威主要是家庭、同伴和教育者媒介；大學生道德觀念影響源權威是社會的和諧幸福和尊嚴與公正。個人主義－－接受權威、需要表達－－接受權威、平等－－接受權威等價值取向在同一個體身上會因為不同年齡階段而發生互動和分化，表現為從注重服從權威到注重平等、公正；從強調個人利益到關心他人與自己的關係，再到看重自我需要和自身發展。接受權威價值取向的解體從小學畢業時發生；平等取向在小學生身上就有很強反映。影響源權威作為個體品德發展的外在動力因素與個體的認知水平一起推動著品德發展。青少年品德形成和發展的機制與其家庭結構變數－－凝聚力、適應性、溝通模式有極密切的關係。

We examined the correlates of the development of Chinese adolescents' sources of influence on moral thought with their moral judgment, and with their value orientation. The SRM-SF (Sociomoral Reflection Measure-Short Form), MAS (Moral Authority Scale), VTS (Values Test Scale) were revised according to the culture background and educational ways of Chinese adolescents and then were administered to 186 participants. The results showed that: (1) Test-retest reliability and internal consistency of SRM-SF, VTS and MAS subscales are appropriately high; and the instruments are also suitable to test Chinese adolescents' moral development. (2) 10-12 and 13-15 years children are immaturity on their moral judgment, but 16-17 and 20-23 years students show their maturity. We found that 16-17 is critical period of ages for moral judgment developing into maturity. There is no significant gender difference of moral judgment among the sum simples except among primary school children. However this priority disappears when the children get into middle schools. (3) Main sources of influence on moral thought for Chinese adolescents are family, peer groups and educators, but dignity/justice and self-interest replace them for university students. The different levels of moral judgment and the adolescents' value-orientations are indeed dominated by the perceived sources of influence on moral thought. (4) Individualism-Authoritarism, Equalitarism-Authoritarism and Based needs-Authoritarism impact and split up each other in different stage of the age and situation. The adolescents in our samples think more highly of adapting themselves to circumstances and obeying authority, they pay little attention to expressing of their need and individualism. Their Authoritarism Orientation is disintegrated when they are in the high grade of primary school.