中國傳統醫藥之教育

The Teaching of Traditional Chinese Medicine in China

中國傳統醫藥之教育發展及今，已有四個歷史階段：口耳相傳的原始教育階段、師徒式教育階段、師徒式與學校式教育的混合時期和近現代教育階段。本文重點考察了中國傳統醫藥教育的現狀。至1988年為止，中國大陸已有高等中醫藥院所29所，全國衛生系統中，中醫藥人員達52萬2千人，其中中醫師19萬2千人，中醫士10萬9千人；在高等院校中已開設了中醫學、中醫養生學、中醫五官科學、針灸學、推拿學、中醫外科學、骨傷科學、中藥學、製藥學、蒙藥學、藏醫學、中醫基礎學、中醫文獻學等十餘種本科教育，此外尚有研究生教育、留學生教育、繼續教育等。現代中國傳統醫藥教育已具有相當的規模，存在下列特徵：1.全面性特徵。進一步擴大人才數量，並加強學科分化，以使中醫藥學術全面發展。2.實用化傾向。為了能盡快緩解大陸龐大人口的醫療需要，人材教育上出現學制偏短、現代醫學基礎不夠紮實、科研能力不強的弱點，預計不久將會成立綜合性高等中醫大學，延長學制，嚴格訓練。3.加住中西醫結合人材的培養。4.教育方式以院校培養為主，並周期性地組織師帶徒教育。5.加強對外中醫藥教育和國際交流與合作。

The teaching of Chinese medicine has gone through four distinct periods: primitive oral instruction, the apprenticeship system, the combined apprenticeship-school system, and modern school teaching. This article focuses on the present status of traditional Chinese medical training in mainland China in the modern education system. Prior to 1988, there were 29 colleges of higher education providing instruction in traditional Chinese medicine. In the National Health system, these had total medical staff of 522,000, of which 192,000 were Chinese medical doctors, and 109,000 were Chinese medical therapists (practictioners without degrees). The colleges of traditional Chinese medicine offered main courses in the following subjects: Chinese medical theory, otorrhinolaryngology, opthalmology, orthopedics, pharmacy, drug processing, acupuncture and moxibustion, health regimen, and traditional medical literature, as well as Mongolian and Tibetan medicine. Graduate programs for advanced degrees, training for foreign students, and continuing education programs are also offered. Modern instruction in mainland China, generally speaking, provides a solid basis for the future development of Chinese medicine, as the following five trends show: 1. Greater comprehensiveness: To ensure the comprehensive development of Chinese medical health care, medical staff being expanded and the lovel of specialization is to be increased. 2. Longer and more rigorous programs: Efforts to meet the medical demands of the mainland's large population have led to excessively short programs that provide students with inadequate training in both modern and traditional medicine. There are plans for the near future to create new TCM colleges providing longer and more rigorous training. 3. Greater integration of Chinese and Western medicine: Greater emphasis is being placed on bridging the theoretical and practical distance between Western and traditional Chinese medicine. 4. Development of the personal teacher system: Alongside regular school training, a system is being developed where by students study under the guidance of a designated doctor for set periods of time. 5. Expansion of international programs: Efforts are being made to expand Chinese medical training for foreign students, and on international exchange and cooperation programs.