捷克斯洛伐克分裂下的記憶與認同－－兼論捷克歷史教科書之觀點

Memory and Identity under the Division of Czechoslovakia: On the Czech View of History Textbook

捷克及斯洛伐克在1918年合組國家之後，即未曾中斷過雙方各自「國」「族」之建構。隨著捷克斯洛伐克共和國的政治進程，反而出現了更複雜的國家認同景象：「捷克認同」、「斯洛伐克認同」及「捷克斯洛伐克認同」。捷克及斯洛伐克的國家認同主要源自對現實環境的認知，亦即國家利益的考量，之後再轉向對其歷史記憶的建構、強化及傳承。因為國家認同的分歧，導致捷克及斯洛伐克國族記憶及情感產生差異性及摩擦。本文主要從記憶與認同之視角切入，探討捷克及斯洛伐克分裂的重要因素，即國族主義的嚴重分歧，尤其是斯洛伐克國族主義的形成。另外再從捷克歷史教科書之觀點，來探討捷克對國家分裂的記憶傳承。

Czech Republic and Slovakia built up a single country since 1918, but had never interrupted the construction of each own 'nation' and 'state.' With the political process of Czechoslovakia, there appeared the picture of more complex national identity: 'Czech identity,' 'Slovakia identity' and 'Czechoslovak identity.' Czech and Slovak national identities were mainly derived from the perception of reality, which was considered of national interest, and then turned to the construction, strengthening and inheritance of historical memory. The divergence of national identity led to the differences and frictions of Czech and Slovakia national memory and emotion. This paper mainly explores the important factors of the Czech and Slovak split from the perspective of memory and identity, namely the serious differences of each own nationalism, particularly from the formation of Slovak nationalism. In addition, this paper also discusses the Czech memory of national split from the view of Czech history textbooks.