想像的「朝貢記憶」與現實的「主權訴求」－－1946-1948年坎巨提「內附」問題研究

Imaginary Tribute Memory and Real Sovereignty Demand: Kanjut's Allegiance with China, 1946-1948

第二次世界大戰以後，英國放棄了對印度的宗主權統治。在中國新疆喀什西南面的坎巨提部，為保障自身利益計，遣使向中國政府表達了「內附」的訴求。國民政府頗為重視，外交部及相關部門就坎巨提「內附」問題進行了曠日持久的研商，並展開了一些實際性的舉措。就其過程而言，可以觀察到，儘管傳統帝國的身影已經遠去，但是，帝國時期的「朝貢體系」仍然微妙地影響著國民政府的政治與外交實踐。在朝貢歷史想像和現實主權訴求的糾結中，國民政府「達則兼濟天下」，將「改藩設治」、確立對坎巨提直接管轄作為中心任務予以運作，以民族國家主義追求至高無上的主權地位；「窮則獨善其身」，藉由朝貢意識維護雙方既有的宗主權關係。

This article examines the Qingshilu (The Veritable Records of the Qing Dynasty) and discusses Jiaqing Emperor 's attitudes toward major events. By using Jiaqing Emperor 's poetry collection, this essay explores his inner emotions and focuses on the long neglected historical research of middle Qing period. For a long time, scholars tend to investigate the Jiaqing per iod by 'playing movie backwards,' regarding it as the beginning of the decline and fall of the Qing dynasty. Indeed, many polit ical and social maladies gradually appeared during the reign of Jiaqing, some of them even became the last straw for the dynasty, however, Jiaqing Emperor did not deal with them all. In addition, his conservative thinking deeply influenced his successors. Nevertheless, if we go back to 'playing movie forwards,' we will find out that Jiaqing Emperor was eager to be a sagacious emperor and to inherit his ancestors' will but fail to do so. Jiaqing Emperor not only used to criticize himself for his poor governance, but also severely blamed it for Heshen and other officials. In Jiaqing Emperor 's self-explanation, his reign was blessed by heaven. Although the custom was not simple and sincere, the country was still stable and contented. Even William Pitt Amherst's tribute led to an unpleasant end, Qing dynasty's glory still shined over all the earth. In short, by faithfully catching the pulse of history in the manner of 'playing movie backwards and forwards,' we can have a better understanding of the development of the middle Qing dynasty.