諮商中大學生的心理分離——個體化沖突改變歷程研究

A Study on College Student's Psychological Separation-Individuation Change in Counseling

本研究旨在了解並且建立大學生在諮商中心理分離－個體化衝突的改變歷程模式，四位大學女生是本研究的個案，各接受四至九次不等的個別諮商。在諮商開始時個案們都有與父母的心理／情感衝突困擾，在諮商結束時，個案們都提昇了自主感，並且感到與父母關係有改善。本研究採發現式取向質的研究方法，以個案在會談錄音的逐字稿配合個案的事後訪談資料進行質的分析。結果發現有心理分離衝突的個案所描述的親子關係的特徵包括疏遠的、有衝突的家庭氣氛、存在代間的衝突態度、父母親過度干預與控制、父母親情緒化、個案在與父母互動中有負面感受、渴望父母的情感支持、想順從與取悅父母、罪惡感、逃避反應、是家庭中的照顧者、對自己的負面態度與低自尊。在諮商中的改變歷程為（1）呈現來談的期待，（2）親子互動的描述，（3）內在負面情緒的覺察、接觸、表達與接納，（4）激發來談與改變的動機，（5）探索與了解父母、家庭對自己的影響，（6）與父母的心理分離歷程與自我支持歷程的交互出現；與父母心理分離的歷程包含表達對父母的負面感受、情感支持的渴望、想順從與取悅父母、罪惡感、照顧家庭、對父母與家庭關係的理解與洞察等五個子題。自我支持歷程包含了覺察並接觸脆弱的自我、被諮商員支持了解與自我肯定、害怕改變、對自己的問題與改變負起責任、自我了解、自我接納與自我肯定等五個子題。（7）來談目標的達成，包括自信心、自我增強、親子關係改善。本研究針對親子互動的品質、孝道倫理的文化、女性的社會發展對心理分離-個體化的意義提出討論，並對本研究所提出的青少年心理分離-個體化改變歷程模式的建立、諮商員所提供的修正共生經驗，以及發現式取向的諮商歷程研究策略的使用等部份提出討論。最後並於本文末提供建議要點。

The study is aimed to explore and develop a counseling process change model in resolving college student's psychological separation-individuation conflict. Four female college students having emotional conflicts with their parents received brief individual counseling. The study was conducted using discovery-oriented qualitative research method. Each counseling session was audiotaped and transcribed into verbatim. Each student client was also interviewed after each counseling session to gain more information about the impacts received from the counseling. Data were analyzed by content analysis according to the themes emerged from the verbatims and the interviews. The main themes relating to the issue of separation-individuation conflict included: the distant and conflicting family climate, cross-generation conflicting attitude, parental over-controlling, parental emotional unstability, negative feelings in the interaction with parents, the need for receiving emotional support from parents, the need to please and obey parents, guilt feeling, avoidance response, being family care-taker, and the negative self-esteem. The themes occured in the counseling change model included: the client's expectation, the description of interaction with parents, the awareness and acceptance of negative emotions, the inspiration of change motive, the deeper exploration and gaining new understanding of the influence received from the family, the interactional process of psychological separation and self-support enhancement, and the attainment of counseling goal. The outcomes of the counseling were positive. All four student clients felt more autonomous and self-confident. They also reported the improvements of the parental relationship. The discussion and suggestion about the development of counseling change model of separation and individuation were raised at the end of the article.