手足與朋友關係的內涵與功能－－從猩種與人種的表現看演化的藍圖與文化的加工

CONTENTS and FUNCTIONS of SIBLING and FRIEND RELATIONSHIPS in a CHIMPANZEE TRIBE and a CHINESE SOCIETY

本文先從黑猩猩族群的日常生活紀錄片中，廓勒人類手足與朋友關係的可能原始基型。親屬選擇的基因傳承與親子之間生殖成就的衝突，定下了手足間合作與競爭交織的原始藍圖，朋友間的同夥共伴關係則以互饋成友為基礎。透過訪談觀察資料與量表測量的分析，一方面展現了人類與靈長類共有的前述關係特性，另方面則顯露中國文化加諸於手足與朋友關係的倫理教化，長惠幼順與兄友弟恭的身分角色仍為本研究的大學生與社會人士受試者所肯定。分擔孝養父母的倫理責任會因現實情況而使手足關係有超越單純演化基源的複雜性。然而血緣之親使得手足衝突有撕而不破、分而不離的自然連鍵。受試者以「愛、情分」標示手足關係而以「交情、義氣、欣賞」標示朋友關係，反映了家人情感性關係與外人混和性關係的不同。從猩猩到人類，兩者共有雷同的手足、朋友與親子等關係的基型，演化發展則使人類的同樣關係推向概念化、精緻化與複雜化。

A video record of daily life in a chimpanzee tribe was used to infer prototypes for sibling and friend relationships and identify a blueprint for cooperation and competition between siblings in the tribe. Relationships between friends are based on a reciprocal process. Analysis of qualitative and quantitative data from human subjects revealed similar and basic properties of sibling and friend relationships, although in Chinese culture, sibling rivalry is prohibited. Human societies conceptualize, elaborate, and complicate these interpersonal relationships. For example, sibling relationships are described with terms like love and affection while terms such as exchanged benefit and exchanged affection and appreciation are used to describe friends.