霸凌者的心理需求與諮商介入

The Psychological Needs of Bullying and Possible Interventions

長期以來學校對霸凌者的處置常採取譴責、處罰、轉學等措施，卻殊少透過諮商來協助他們矯正行為，顯然有需要正視此議題；再者，目前常以外顯行為進行霸凌者分類，此容易忽略霸凌者的內在需求與外在行為之關聯，以致於影響到對霸凌者介入的效率。故而筆者嘗試從諮商的角度出發，思索霸凌者的矯正之道，以做為介入校園霸凌的措施之一。筆者假設：霸凌行為的產生，乃是因為霸凌者使用不當的認知行為歷程來滿足內心的需求。因此欲透過諮商來改善霸凌行為，宜先協助案主覺察霸凌行為背後的需求，再透過信念的澄清、情緒的管理、需求滿足的替代性行為之探究與實踐，達到內在自我管理霸凌行為的目標。此外，考量霸凌具有侵犯他人的性質，必須搭配外在監控，以抑制霸凌的機會及其再犯；因此諮商師在校園中協助霸凌者需要團隊合作。本文所提概念仍屬初探性質，有待進一步實徵性研究與實務工作的精鍊、修正，也期待專家學者指正，使諮商專業在霸凌事件的處理上發揮應有的功能。

With the frequent broadcasting of events related to school bullying, it is important to probe the correctional methods of bullying from a counseling perspective. School authorities have always dealt with bullying by condemnation, punishment, or transfer to another school. However, they seldom understand the psychological needs of the perpetrators, nor have they provided counseling services to help the students modify their behaviors. From the counseling perspective, it is better to help the perpetrators first become aware of their psychological needs, clarify their beliefs, manage their emotions, and then explore alternative behaviors. In order to manage bullying effectively and to prevent relapse, the counseling goals should include both helping the perpetrators to improve self-management, as well as building a monitoring system of both the caregivers and school personnel. The ideas discussed in this article are still conceptual at this point; empirical studies and other experts' opinions are needed.