臺灣運動員倦怠經驗探索：文化與訓練脈絡上的省思

Exploring Taiwanese Athlete Burnout: A Cultural and Contextual Reflection

因長期壓力引起之工作倦怠在心理學、管理學和社會學等領域一直是很受關注的研究主題。在競技運動情境，運動員倦怠大都採用國外理論如Smith(1986)、Silva(1990)、Coakley(1992)和Schmidt &Stein(1991)的理論模式進行研究。然而因為文化上的差異以及訓練脈絡上的不同，作者認為在台灣競技運動培訓與養成制度下，台灣運動員產生倦怠的本質與內涵有許多無法以國外理論模式詮釋的地方。因此，本研究從華人文化和台灣本土訓練脈絡的角度切入，利用質性研究之田野觀察與深入訪談，探討三位長期從事競技運動訓練和比賽的體育院校學生(跆拳、羽球、和田徑)。一方面長期觀察研究對象的訓練脈絡，一方面深入探索他們內心掙扎的世界。結果發現：(1)他們在華人文化和現有台灣社會對運動員培訓和養成環境中，呈現一種不同於一般職場或助人專業工作者的工作倦怠內涵，並且其形成和影響因素也有別於國外的發現。(2)他們的倦怠經驗源自於競技運動特有脈絡所產生的壓力，但和社會與文化本質有關。(3)運動員倦怠仍是以多向度的概念呈現，但內涵不同於專業助人工作者。本研究結果除了讓非運動領域學者瞭解運動員倦怠的面貌之外，對於掌管競技運動行政與訓練人員，研究者也提出一些建言，研究者認為過度強調競技運動成績和以不當方式的教誨與訓練，可能會傷害運動員的心理福祉並且壓抑他們的競技運動發展。

The issue of burnout has attracted many researchers’ attention in the areas of general psychology, business management and sociology. In sport settings, many researchers adopted western theoretical models such as Smith (1986), Silva(1990), and Coakley(1992) models to investigate this issue. However, due to cultural and contextual differences, it is argued that only adopting western theories and with quantitative analysis would miss many features that facilitate our understanding on the nature of athlete burnout in Taiwanese settings. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore Taiwanese athlete burnout by qualitative approach to Rewe practical insights and implications for local professionals in sports. The participants included three competitive athletes (Taekwondo, Badminton, and Track and Field.)We combined field observations and in-depth interviews to explore what participants felt and thought about burnout experiences. Especially, under strict and harsh environments that required daily repetitious training and demands of winning, along with traditional Chinese Confucian culture which empowers coaches to exercise authoritarian control over athletes’ training and competition, what they felt, thought, and behaved during the burnout process? By content analyses suggested by Strauss and Corbin(1994) this study found an insightful grounded theory of Taiwanese athlete burnout model which differed from general burnout experiences of helping professional. Therefore, this study does not only provide sufficient information for those people outside sport in understanding the nature of athlete burnout but also suggest that those people who involve in youth sport should establish a humanistic training program for young athletes. By so doing, young athletes’ psychological well-being could be warranted.