建構本土哀傷療癒理論：儒家關係主義和諧哀傷療癒理論

To Construct A Grief Healing Theory in Confucian Societies:A Confucian Harmonious Relationships Approach of Grief Healing Theory

死亡與失落哀傷乃是人類必須面對的終極議題，然目前哀傷相關理論大都由西方學者所提出，而國內哀傷經驗與調適相關研究，仍主要是參照西方所提出的模式。近來本土心理學家開始推動本土化心理學研究，提倡不同文化的哲學世界觀，應當建構合乎自身文化的本土社會科學理論。本文建構理論的方法為主要依據黃光國教授所提出的心理學革命方案，以多重哲學典範，並運用批判實在論對於文化的分析，引用相關文獻來想像（建構）可能普世性的理論模型。基於文化信仰的差異，西方國家基督教文化思想信仰系統與儒家關係文化哲學思想體系大不相同，華人受釋道儒文化影響，在處理死亡與哀傷時非常重視各種關係脈絡的和諧與均衡，其關係脈絡之範圍包含「人與自然（天）、人與社會（人際）、人與自我（內外在）」，強調與天鬼神、與往生者的關係和諧及衍生出來的喪禮儀式與倫理實踐。本文提出一個適用於儒家關係主義及一神宗教信仰文化（如：基督教、天主教、回教）的普世性哀傷療癒理論。這個療癒歷程理論，包含文化與信仰、哀傷反應、因應方式、療癒與復原，其中文化與信仰部分為重視天鬼神、往生者與倫理關係和諧，因而個體在哀傷反應與西方哀傷表現上程度的差異，會特別擔心掛念、後悔遺憾、失依不完整感、害怕恐懼、悲傷難過；因應的差異部分為華人喪禮期間提供彈性富變化的宗教儀式，來協助安頓往生者靈魂，五倫關係的角色義務與人際互動，在喪禮期間展現「盡己與推己及人」，善盡責任與促進宗族親友緊密聯繫倫理實踐，最後再療癒與復原階段，最主要是生者能夠心安和諧。最後提出此理論的運用與其限制，希望本理論的提出，可以引導未來相關研究與實務方向。

Death and grief is the ultimate question that human must face. Most current grief theories were constructed by Western scholars. The grief experience and adaptation research in Taiwan is majorly based on the Western theories. Echoing some indigenous psychologists calling for indigenous psychology research, there is a need to adopt philosophical worldviews of different cultures to construct a grief healing theory. The main purpose of this study was to develop a grief healing theory in Confucian relations societies. We drew on Hwang's multiple philosophical paradigms to construct a global theory to elucidate grief healing process. Western countries with Christian culture have different ideology and philosophy as compared to Confucian culture. Dealing death and grief in Confucian societies is overwhelmedly influenced by Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, with an emphasis in the context of harmonious and balanced relationships. The relationships include human and nature (god(s)), human and social environment (interpersonal), people and self (internal and external). The article proposes a healing theory that could be used in Confucian and monotheism societies (ex: Christianity, Catholicism and Islam), including harmonious relationships with Heaven, ghost, god(s), the deceased and their funeral ceremonies and ethics relationships. The Harmonious Relationships Approach of Grief Healing Theory includes a process of culture/beliefs, grief responses, coping, healing and recovery. Culture/beliefs include harmony relationships with Heaven, ghost, god(s), the deceased and ethics relationships. Griefs responses tend to worry, regret, have a feeling of no backing, fear and bereave. Coping involve funeral ceremonies in order to settle down the deceased's soul and to practice the five Confucian relationships. To get peace of mind with harmony is needed in the recovery process. Finally, the application and limitations of the proposed theory are provided, as well as its future research directions.