近代日本宗教哲學的開展──從清澤滿之、西田幾多郎到

Development of Modern Japanese Philosophy of Religion: From Kiyozawa Manshi, Nishida Kitarō to Tanabe Hajime

本文探討的是，在近代化浪潮下，日本淨土真宗思想的發展及受其影響所產生的京都學派宗教哲學之面貌。為了鉤勒此一日本淨土真宗式的宗教哲學發展脈絡，本文舉出清澤滿之（Kiyozawa Manshi, 1863-1903）、西田幾多郎（Nishida Kitarō, 1870-1945）與田邊元（Tanabe Hajime, 1885-1962），試圖探究三者的宗教哲學面貌及其行動觀。論述結構如下。首先，論述清澤與西田對宗教的定義。其次，究明清澤與田邊受他力感召下所建立的「有限與無限論」與「法藏菩薩論」。接著，探究清澤、西田與田邊所提倡的「精神主義」、「逆對應」與「行死」。最後，在究明清澤、西田與田邊的自力與他力觀之後，檢討三者宗教哲學的關連及其現代性意義。

This paper discusses the development of Shin-Buddhism and philosophy of religion of Kyoto School under the influence of Shin-Buddhism in Modern Japan. In order to capture the context of the philosophy of religion of Shin- Buddhism, I shall examine the philosophy of religion of Kiyozawa Manshi (1863-1903), Nishida Kitarō (1870-1945) and Tanabe Hajime (1885-1962). First, I will mention the definition of religion by Kiyozawa and Nishida. Second, I will discuss notions of 'infinite and finite' as well as 'Hōzōbosatsu' by Kiyozawa and Tanabe who focused on other-power. I shall also discuss the notions of 'spiritualism,' 'gyakutaiō,' 'gyōshi' by Kiyozawa, Nishida and Tanabe. By analyzing the three philosophers' ideas of self-exertion and other-power, I will discuss the connection of their philosophy of religion, and their modern significance.