程伊川、朱子「真知」說新詮──從康德道德哲學的觀點看

The Neo-Interpretation to Cheng Yi-Chuan's and Zhu Xi's 'Zhenzhi': From the Viewpoint of Kantian Moral Philosophy

本論文是就牟宗三先生對朱子、伊川思想形態之衡定，作一新的思考。本文主要藉康德關於「自然的辯證」的克服之說，作為詮釋的進路。康德所言之「自然的辯證」，即，當我們意識到道德法則而要從事實踐時，我們的欲望會自然地作出反抗，使我們對道德的純粹性的要求產生懷疑，使道德的實踐不能貫徹。為了克服此一生命的問題，康德認為須要對於道德的認知從一般的了解進到哲學的了解，如此，才能克服自然的辯證。程伊川所說的從常知到真知，與朱子根據《大學》所強調的格物致知，及知至才能意誠的講法，我認為可以藉康德上述的理論給出合理的解釋。如果此一解釋可通，便可以為伊川、朱子的學說給出一個證成，說明其為儒家內聖之學該有的一種用思辯於成德的工夫論，於是對於伊川、朱子的思想形態，我們便可以做出新的衡量。

This paper is going to reconsider the judgment on Zhu Xi's and Chen Yichuan's ideology systems made by Mou Zongsan. Kant's concept of conquering 'Natural Dialectic' is the main approach of interpretation in this paper. The natural dialecict is that when ordinary human are conscious of moral law to practice, their desire will start to resist and let them doubt the pure reason of morality, which causes them to be unable to complete the moral practice. In order to conquer this problem of mankind, Kant claims that the understanding of morality of mankind should be improved from ordinary to theoretical understanding. By doing so, people can conquer the natural dialectc. Depending on my research, Yi-chuan's viewpoint of improving the understanding ofmorality from 'changzhi' to 'Zhenzhi' and Zhu Xi's viewpoint of 'Ko-wo Chih-chih' according to Da Xue can be given reasonable explanations in moral practice through Kant's theory which describes above. If the way of explanation is approved, Yi-chuan's and Zhu Xi's theories can be justified and interpreted that their theories belong to a kind of theoretical method which is necessary in moral practice in Confucianism. Therefore, we can give neo-interpretation to Yi-chuan's and Zhu Xi's ideology systems.3