清初入籍臺灣法規之政治過程及其歷史意義

The Early Qing Political Process and the Historical Significance of Regulating Immigrants Domicile Registration in Taiwan

「清初治臺政策」被認為是清代臺灣史的第一項議題。儘管這個研究課題自伊能嘉矩以來已經有將近一百年的討論，研究成果的累積也相當可觀。然而，截至目前為止，研究者卻很少關注以下的兩項問題：清初來自華南的漢人移民之戶籍處於怎樣的狀態，以及作為人口移出區的華南之地方官對於治臺政策有著怎樣的思考和影響。本文注意到了清朝的會典則例中，在康熙五十一年（1712）第一次出現了有關漢人移民入籍臺灣的條例。透過這個條例的討論，可以同時檢討上述二項和清初治臺政策有關的重要課題。本文首先藉由相關史料試圖重建該入籍法規的政治過程，並藉此進一步觀察該法規的歷史意義。本文的結論認為：入籍法規之所以在康熙五○年代初期出現，其實是清廷領臺後的近三十年期間，臺灣社會因為移民大量湧入、土地開發而有了變化，政府面對這樣的社會變化而進行政策調整的結果。在這一波新的政策調整中，有一群和臺灣在行政上沒有直接隸屬關係的福建漳浦地方官和士紳，不管在臺灣事務或是治臺政策上，都扮演著重要的角色。他們自己有一套治理臺灣的想法，和當時主流的政策不同；其對臺事務的影響力，則歷經康熙晚期的朱一貴事件，直到雍正年間。

Early Qing policies on the governance of Taiwan has been regarded as a important issue for nearly one hundred years, ever since Inō Yoshinori first started researching it. Since then, similar studies have emerged massively; however, scholars rarely examine the practical issues regarding the domicile of Han immigrants from South China to Taiwan and how the administration of those areas from which inhabitants had left influenced policies on the governance of Taiwan.In Kangxi 51 (1712), the first regulation of immigrants domicile registration in Taiwan was recorded in Qing huidian shili (Qing Institutions and Laws). Discussing this regulation would allow us to re-establish how Qing administration processed the regulation and thus ascertain its historical significance.The regulation of immigrants domicile instituted between Kangxi 50-59 resulted from attempts by Qing Administration to regularize Taiwan society, which had been transformed by the influx of immigrants and plain cultivating at the same time, some thirty years after Qing took control of Taiwan in Kangxi 22 (1683). Meanwhile, a group of bureaucratic magistrates and local elites in the Fujian Zhangpu territory were influential in Taiwan affairs and policies, even though they were not directly involved in the governing of Taiwan. Different from the mainstream policies, their insight on Taiwan influenced Taiwan affairs from the Zhu Yigui Rebellion in late Kangxi period, up to the Yongzheng period.