寄寓、歸守與出離――寓山三賦對主人與園林關係的思索

The Attitudes of the Three Yushan Rhaphsodies on the Garden and Its Owner

晚明時期，祁彪佳在山陰城外闢建寓山園林，當時文人以各種文體進行題詠、唱和，共同參與寓山的詮釋活動。除大量詩歌、園記之外，今日仍存見三篇賦作，作者分別為陳遯、陳函煇、陳子龍。本文以三人之〈寓山賦〉為觀察核心，嘗試呈現晚明文人園林賦曾有的試驗與努力。主要討論視點有三：一為書寫者與園林主人的交遊關係，如何影響賦篇書寫角度的擬立？二為園林賦如何詮釋主人賦予空間的意義，尤其回應著晚明時局，主人出處之際的選擇如何影響空間意義中心的認取？三為賦體作為晚明園林書寫的文類之一，如何繼承「鋪采摛文，體物寫志」的傳統特質，以與園林主題相結合？在他們的討論中，園林與主人密切結合的性質，彰顯了寓山與自然山林的差異；而書寫者與主人的交遊與瞭解，影響著對園林的觀看角度與詮說，三陳〈寓山賦〉的差異，也正反映出他們撰作之際，與祁彪佳相互交會的光亮所能照見的能見度。

During the end of the Ming dynasty, Qi Biaojia （祁彪佳） built his “Yushan” （寓山） garden in the outskirts of the city of Shanyin （山陰）. Literati of the time participated in the interpretation of this garden with odes and reply-response pieces in a number of different styles. In addition to the large number of poem, and prose pieces, three works in the fu （賦） style written by Chen Dun （陳遯, date of birth and death unknown）, Chen Hanhui （陳函 輝, 1590-1646）, and Chen Zilong （陳子龍, 1608-1647） have survived. This paper uses these three works in an effort to show the experimentation with and efforts put into writing fu on the subject of gardens by the literati of the late Ming. Three main questions are discussed. First, how did the relation between writer and owner affect the writing angle of three fu ? Second, how did fu written about gardens interpret the meaning invested in the space by the owner, and, particularly in light of the political situation of the time, how did the owner’s choice to either take office or stay out of public life affect the meanings imparted in the garden space? Third, given that literati during the late Ming did in fact use the fu style to write about gardens, how did they go about utilizing the characteristic of the fu as “stacking colors and layering shades, shaping objects and expressing thoughts （鋪采摛文，體物寫志）? In these works, the close connection of the garden with their owner brings to light the difference between this garden and the natural mountain terrain, while at the same time the writer’s relation to and understanding of the owner will also affect the perspective with which they look at the garden and their interpretation of it.