敬祖文化對廳堂空間與家具之影響：以金門民居為例

Influences of the Culture of Ancestor Veneration on the Hall Space Design and Furniture Arrangement in Kinmen Civilian Houses

本研究旨在探討金門民居廳堂空間與家具是否受敬祖文化影響，研究過程運用文獻分析、民族誌研究法與紮根理論進行之。民族誌研究法中，調查樣本包括傳統與洋樓民居共12間，家具樣本35件，另針對4位工藝師與當地居民進行訪談，並運用紮根理論歸納形成因素，最後針對敬祖文化與歸納因素進行交叉分析與討論。結果得知：1.金門民居廳堂空間格局受敬祖文化影響，其中形成金門民居廳堂空間格局之因素，包括：「原鄉習性」與「出洋客」之構面。而受敬祖文化影響部分，「原鄉習性」含括：廳堂空間存在之必要性與廳堂內之祭祀習慣。「出洋客」部分：包括洋樓民居的出現，洋樓山頭顯示各衍派一詞。另二層樓洋樓，則將廳堂空間設置於二樓處。最後即使信仰有所變更仍保留廳堂祭祀空間與家具。2.金門民居廳堂家具陳設與形式受敬祖文化影響，形成之因素包括「原鄉文化影響」與「出洋者心境表達」。「原鄉文化」構面顯示：家具除基本使用功能外，更被運用於展示與炫耀之功能；另主人是否仕宦，則牽涉特殊祭祀家具的出現與祭祀家具尺寸大小；長板凳受敬祖文化影響具另一重要功能，提供祖先靈魂安坐享用祭品。「出洋者心境表達」構面：編碼組成包括，經商致富者家中出現特殊祭祀家具，祭祀家具尺寸意義（魯班尺）部分，多留意與招財相關，裝飾語彙除表現萬事美好意義外，更有具愛國意識的國旗出現。

The purpose of this study is to explore the influences of ancestor worshiping culture on the interior and furniture arrangements and on civilian houses in Kinmen. The methods adopted include document analysis, ethnographic research, and grounded theory. In the ethnography research, a field survey was conducted, covering 12 traditional and western-style civilian houses, 35 pieces of furniture, as well as interviews of 4 local craftsmen and residents. In addition, a qualitative research based on grounded theory was conducted. The conclusions revealed that the culture of ancestors worshiping influences the interior arrangements in Kinmen Civilian Houses. The influence factors include 'the habit from Hokkien （South Fujian）' and 'the overseas Chinese'. The hall space and worship must be in existence and western decorative pediments in western-style civilian houses are written in their family name, respectively. For a house with double storey, the residents arranged the hall at the top floor. Even if they converted to other religions, they still reserved the hall space and furniture of worship. Ancestors worshiping influences the arrangements and form in Kinmen Civilian Houses. In Hokkien culture: beside the basic function of furniture, the dimension of special and different furniture reflected the social statuses and wealth. A long bench has an important function which offers to ancestor for enjoying the sacrificial offering. In 'the overseas Chinese' description of mind: for one who became wealthy, the furniture tends to show the wealth and social position as well as the patriotism.