多向文本與故事基模——國小學童述說科學發明故事之歷程探究

Hypertext and Story Schema-Exploration on Elementary School Students' Narrative Process of Scientific Invention Story

本研究旨在以質性的敘事訪談方法，探究讀者經由數位介面進行閱讀多向文本的科學發明故事，自行選取故事基模並面臨不完整的故事文法結構時，其述說整體故事發展歷程中的聯想性推論與組織思考現象。研究參酌Campbell（1949）的神話學原型與Rumelhart（1975）的故事結構原理，自行撰述「萊特兄弟的飛行夢」科學發明故事，並發展探究多向文本故事的互動介面，藉以瞭解讀者以介面進行探究故事發展的述說歷程。以國小學童為研究對象，共進行兩階段的質性研究，第一階段文本介面以「動態摩天輪」的旋繞排列式概念為故事文法之呈現結構，探究敘事歷程的聯想性推論之特性後，再接續發展第二階段文本介面以「大腦組織結構」的空間拼圖式呈現概念，採以動態審視循環結合敘事訪談方法，完成整體敘事歷程的逐字稿文本分析，並探究歷程中的組織思考特性。研究結果得知單階層多向文本的動態摩天輪，其故事路徑呈現線性發展，當文本線索不足時多半引致敘事一致性的故事結局，且為自由想像與聯想推論出的內容，較無法表現出細緻與具體的描繪歷程。而雙階層多向文本的大腦組織結構，故事單元結合多向路徑，雖文本線索不足聯想性推論呈現的敘事內容，亦能聯繫與組織出完整的重述故事內容，即使多向文本兼具破碎與跳躍特性，亦能呈現連貫的敘事歷程，並呼應Campbell英雄旅程模式。研究結果提出多向文本敘事歷程的述說現象，並彙整出敘事方法之建議，期望能作為學童在科學故事創作，故事創意思考教學與數位敘事設計等實務依據與研究參考。

Scientific invention story is a common method in popularization of science and education. It is also a crucial medium for the students to understand science knowledge and the invention process. The readers' cognition of story depends on the progress of annotation explanatory between story schema and story grammar. The study conducted qualitative narrative interview to explore the elaborative inference and organizational thinking of whole story development of annotation explanatory during the process of reading hypertext story via digital interface and face the incomplete syntax structure by the readers. In addition, the study used the theory of story grammar as the foundation firstly based on the context and monomyth of typical characteristic from Campbell (1949) and story theories from Rumelhart (1975). The authors had written the story of 'The Dream of Wright Brothers', and presented by hypertext structure. The empirical research had been conducted and used the method of the qualitative narrative interviews and text analysis to investigate narrative process of elementary students in the hypertext structure.The interview phase consists of two stages. The first is pilot interview, and experimental material of the hypertext structure of story presents the image of 'dynamic Ferris wheel'. And the preliminary results served as a reference for the formal interview stage, the second phase. The hypertext structure presents the concept of 'the composition of brain'. In this phase, the method of the 'The Active Reviewing Cycle' with semi-structured had been conducted to proceed the narrative interview, and in-depth qualitative analysis.Research findings suggest that the readers initially favored bridge inference in the text clues, of dynamic Ferris wheel. The story context could be regarded as the linear development. However, in the second phase of the composition of brain, the readers could make statement by use elaborative inference ability from the past related reading experience and representation from the story schema of them. In the non-linear hypertext structure as the story context, it is easy for readers to have organizational thinking and elaborative inference of the narrative. The authors hope that research findings can assist the references of scientific story creation, creative thinking and design of digital narrative by elementary students in the future.