大灶的科技與文化形式分析

The Technology and Cultural Form of Da-Zau

本研究結合建築史、設計史與性別研究，運用口述歷史研究以及類型學分析，從大灶在傳統家庭中的位置轉移、大灶構造與火路技術、大灶的分類，以及婦女的使用經驗，探討大灶此一傳統科技如何進入常民生活。結果發現：大灶可從：砌灶用材、燃料種類、主體結構及風水八方等命名之；煙囪設計、氣流控制、火路通口、灶塘鋪設及吊火高度，為火路關鍵技術。伴隨著大灶的科技形式，使用者發展出控制火候的技能，靈活運用文火、武火烹煮食物。同時，本研究以性別觀點，針對大灶空間營造規劃，以及圍繞於大灶所建構的民間信仰與文化象徵，進行論述分析，檢視對應於大灶此一科技形式的家庭及社會體制；而女性在性別分工、煮食勞動的過程，受到風水論述、神祇信仰的制約，其結果削弱了婦女的反抗意識，維繫父權體制的穩定。

This research combined theories of architecture history, design history, geography and gender studies, applied the methods of oral history and typology to analyze how Da-Zau embedded in traditional Chinese daily life, through observing the position of Da-Zau in the family, its construction, fire way, categories, and women's usage experience. Based on the exploration, Da-Zau could be classified and named by its different materials, fuel, main structures and geomantic omens. The design of chimney and air current, the gate of fire way, the laying of fire box and adjustment of the flame height, were the key factors of fire way. According with this kind of technology of Da-Zau, users developed out the technique of heating controlling to cook food flexibly by slow fire or intense fire. Furthermore, this study investigated the spatial plan discourse and the belief in Da-Zau which corresponded to the institution of family and society from the view point of gender. The locational shift from centre to the periphery area of the family reflected the division of housework, and Chinese women were constrained in the process of gendered labor-division by geomantic omens and superstitious belief.