高齡者衛浴空間使用行為模式之研究——以三家不同配置型構的護理之家為例

A Study on the Using Behavior Pattern of the Elderly in Sanitary Space-By the Case of Three Nursing Homes

一日數次不定時發生的日常盥洗、身體清潔、生理排泄等行為在長期照護機構高齡者的日常生活中佔很大的比重，浴室、廁所、公共浴室等衛浴空間的配置型態與設備狀況密切關連高齡者與照護人員使用行為之進行。本研究著眼在衛浴空間的配置型態對衛浴使用行為的影響，採用「定點記錄使用者、使用時間長短及內容」的調查方法，比較分析三家機構五種不同配置類型衛浴空間的使用行為。 本研究設有三項研究目的：1）分析護理之家中不同身心機能的高齡者其衛浴使用行為的內容；2）分析在各空間單元中衛浴使用行為的時間比與高齡者之衛浴使用行為分布領域；3）整理不同身心機能的高齡者其衛浴使用行為的模式。最後，分析護理之家中衛浴空間配置型式及設備條件對衛浴空間使用行為模式的影響，並歸納出不同身心機能狀況高齡者其對衛浴空間的基本需求，以提供將來設計長期照護機構時借鏡參考。 調查結果發現：（1）高齡者在衛浴空間中的使用行為可概分為「人身清潔處理」及「物品清洗」兩大項目。（2）當身心機能自理能力較佳時，在寢室浴廁進行的時間配比高；反之，則在床位邊進行的比率增高。（3）高齡者之衛浴空間使用行為可分為「床上中心型」、「床位邊‧寢室浴廁兩用型」和「寢室浴廁型」三種模式。（4）在寢室浴室和廁所兩個空間單元都設置洗臉台，會造成洗手行為分化的現象。（5）將洗臉台設置在寢室床位邊比設置在浴廁內的使用頻率高且內容更多元化。

Daily washing, body cleaning and excretion behavior, happening several times in one day, occupy a large proportion of the daily living in long term care facility. The location types and equipments situation of bathroom, toilet and public bathroom have an important effect on the using behavior of the elderly and caregivers. By the view of ADL （Activities of Daily Living） level, this paper uses 'recording the time and contents on spot' method to survey five different sanitary types in three nursing homes, analyzing the kinds of behavior in sanitary space. We have set four purposes in this paper: （1） Analyzing the kinds of sanitary behaviors and characters; （2） Analyzing the time percentage in each space units and territory of sanitary behaviors among different levels of ADL; （3） Studying the using behavior pattern of the elderly in different levels of ADL. Finally, we study how the location types and equipments situation influence on the using behavior pattern in sanitary space. As the result of this research we find: （1） The kinds of sanitary behaviors of the elderly are categorized into 'cleaning human body' and 'cleaning thing' two types; （2） In good ADL level, the time ratio in sanitary is high, and the ratio in bed-side increases in reverse; （3） The using behavior in sanitary space of the elderly is divided into 'bed-centered type', 'bedside + bedroom type' and 'bedroom type' three patterns; （4） When washing basin is set both in toilet and bathroom, usually washing behavior using the basin in bathroom, whereas the basin in toilet is just used when washing hand after excretion; （5） The times of using the basin in bedside are higher than ones of the basin set in sanitary space, and the behaviors are more diversity.