都市公共空間犯罪預防理論之初探：以減少機會途徑為研究方向

A Preliminary Study on Urban Public Space Crime Prevention Theory: An Approach on Opportunity Reduction

本文嘗試將現有的主流犯罪預防理論進行整合，並透過實證以歸納出都市規劃及設計的指導原則，以營造更好的都市實質環境。換言之，理論推導過程分為三階段：（1）相關犯罪預防理論之整合。（2）透過實證研究產生理論的普遍性原則。（3）普遍性原則發展成理論的核心概念。我們的研究前提為：所有犯罪者都是理性的行為個體，而且有動機的犯罪者是否決定犯案，與當時的受害者與周遭環境，是否提供充分的機會有直接關連。理論舉出兩個預防主體，即監護者及物質建成環境。在這兩個主體之下，發展出三項的環境犯罪預防要點，係指（1）街道與建築的緊密結合；（2）控制點與犯罪監控的操作；（3）建築監護功能。本文透過實證研究及普遍性原則之探索，發展理論的四個核心概念：（1）可辨識性：公共空間如能辨識其空間功能及屬性，有助於預防犯罪的發生。（2）完整性：公共空間的完整性，如延續性、整齊性及堅固性，能加強犯罪預防的能力。（3）掩護性：公共空間如能提供潛在受害者的掩護性空間，能降低被傷害的機會。（4）透視性：公共空間必須具有良好的透視性，以保護潛在犯罪受害者，並提高社區的安全性。

The aim of our paper is to integrate findings from crime prevention theory to provide guidance for better planning and design of our built environment. In short, we first review major theories on crime prevention and conclude their common findings. We then develop our hypotheses based on the integrated theories and test the hypotheses by the use of case studies in Tainan. Finally, by the validation and modification of our hypotheses, we consolidate the core concept on crime prevention to be used as the guidance for urban planning and design practices. We assume that all criminals are rational. Namely, criminals will commit crimes if they see the opportunities being provided by the victims and the surrounding environment. There are two main bodies in the theory, i.e., the monitoring or protection system and the built environment. Based on the two main bodies, we derive three core elements embedded in the system: 1) coordination between street and buildings; 2) control point and the operation of crime monitoring; and 3) the protection function provided by the buildings. From these three elements, we further develop four hypotheses of our theory: 1) Identification: we believe that a public space with good distinctiveness and well-defined function should be able to lower the risks of urban crimes; 2) Completeness: we believe that the more the continuity, the consolidation, and the compactness of the surrounding open spaces, the lower the crimes in the neighborhood; 3) Concealability: we believe that if public space could provide the function of protectiveness, then the risks associated with the potential victims could be significantly reduced; and 4) Visibility: we believe that a public space should have good visibility to protect the potential victims and to enhance the level of safety for the community.