英文摘要 |
In view of tool-making and tool-using, the history of technics is as old as human history. Contrary to that long history, not until the modern times did the study of technics and technology attract people's attention. From the perspective of labor/work, technology is people's teleological transformation to model nature in their ends and to create an artificial world free from oppression of nature. Technological instrumentalism considers technology as a tool or an instrument to achieve people's end, and advocates the instrumental neutrality and autonomy of technological rules. Under this approach, technological development is equal to human progress. While technological instrumentalism takes technology optimistically, Heidegger's technological substantivism emphasizes technology is an independent automatic power, which can expand itself and invade other fields in the society. Both instrumentalism and substantivism assume technology will unavoidably have its own end, which means autonomy. Therefore, both standpoints easily have elective affinity with technological determinism, which appeared in the specific historical social condition: the technological advancement leads social control mechanism and technology is regarded as the only or the final power to determine society. |