從「中和」到「仁說」──朱熹《四書章句集注》「愛之理，心之德」之義理進程考察

From “Moderation＂ to the “Saying of Humility＂ —A Research on Zhu Xi＇s Process of Ordinance, “Principle of Love and Morality of Mind,＂ in Exegesis of the Collections of Texts from the Four Books

朱熹從學李侗，接續道南一脈修養法門，於儒學當中獲致生命的依歸，只可惜從學日短，無法了解默坐澄心之教，窮無所歸之際，旁求張栻傳湖湘之學，開展匯聚眾流的階段。朱熹從「道南」到「湖湘」的轉折當中，頓悟「中和」之旨，「心」具眾理，貫通其中，「已發」、「未發」只是狀態不同，不應視為本體與日用之別，進而反省湖湘學術究竟，遂有「仁說」相關討論，「仁」為性，「愛」為情，心統性情，「愛」固然不能直接等同於「仁」，但離「愛」無法見「仁」。化解動靜紛擾，究察日用功效，「愛之理，心之德」成為兩人共識，也成為朱熹注解《四書章句集注》內容。朱熹與張栻同輩論交，二程歧異得以釐清，張栻的引介與啟發，居功厥偉，在朱熹與張栻兩位領袖人物的努力之下，「道南」與「湖湘」學脈得以轉折存續，留存於經典詮釋當中，持平而公的態度，正是南宋儒學得以開拓的關鍵，也是《四書章句集注》義理得以釐清的原因，列舉觀察，以供參考。

Zhu Xi learned with Li Tong and inherited the Daonan School of cultivating mind. This experience made Zhu get the meaning of life in Confucianism. However, it is a pity that he had learned just a little while and did not understand the teaching of still sitting with peaceful mind. In this situation, he could not help but ask Zhang Shi to instruct him the Huxiang School and tried to integrate all his studies. Zhu had insight into the content of “moderation” in the transition from Daonan and Huxiang Schools. Since his mind was full of various Principles, he grasped all meanings thoroughly. To him, “having an idea” and “having no idea” is only two different conditions, which should not be seen as the contrast between noumenon and use. This cognition made him continually explore the Huxiang study and stirred up the discussions on the “Saying of Humility.” Humanity is nature, while love is emotion. The mind holds both nature and emotion. Love is not equal to humanity; nevertheless, humanity cannot be manifested if there is no love. Zhu Xi and Zhang Shi resolved the doubt of move as well as stop and inspected the efficacy in daily life. “The principle of love and the morality of mind” became their consensus as well as the content of Zhu’s Exegesis of the Collections of Texts from the Four Books (Sishu zhangju jizhu). Zhu Xi and Zhang Shi’s discussions explicate the Cheng Brothers’ diversity of opinions. Here Zhang’s introduction and enlightenment are very helpful. Under Zhu Xi and Zhang Shi’s efforts, Daonan and Huxiang Schools were continued and kept in the interpretations of canons. In fact, their fair attitude is the key of great progress in the Confucianism in the South Song Dynasty and the reason why the ordinance of Exegesis of the Collections of Texts from the Four Books could be interpreted clearly.