社會資本的流動：以社會網絡分析觀點論我國體育運動組織之資源發展

The Flow of Social Capital: An Argument about Resources Development in Sports Organization from the Perspective of Social Network

關係（guanxi）是華人文化中，在特有的社會網絡下，其社會資本流動的紐帶現象，有別於西方社會人際關係的運作。個體或組織間位於環境中的不同位置（節點），透過鑲嵌其中的社會資本互動進而形成網絡。而網絡內各點間不同的連結強度則衍生出異質的弱連結優勢，控制著社會資本與資源或訊息的傳遞，此時關係網內的弱連帶缺口即形成「結構洞」（structural holes）－立於其上的居間者可透過該缺口之存在進一步獲取社會位置的優勢，掌握社會資本、資源與訊息。面對我國長期缺乏足夠資源的非營利體育組織團體而言，與外界維持良好的「關係」，並找到體育組織所處外部環境中存在的「結構洞」，對於資源的攫取和流通上相對佔有更多競爭力，使組織的運作得以更加地穩定，其中建構的網絡鏈結亦能嘉惠網內相關體育組織，進而維繫我國整體之體育發展與推動網絡。

'Guanxi' is a specific culture phenomenon in Chinese society, which is different from the concept of 'relationship' in western culture. Individuals interact with other people by their own social capital in each social network. The intensity of each linkage between every two people/organizations in social network would become a tie (strong or weak). The heterogeneous tie (weak tie) controls the transaction of social capital and related social resources. Based on the network mechanism, the gap in the cross of weak ties would become a 'structural hole', which is an advantage to acquire resources that each organization required. The nonprofit sports organizations with scanty resource could maintain the well guanxi with other people or organizations (i.e. institutions, firms, political parties, government …) and stand on the position of structural hole, which could obtain more opportunities for deriving resources and the operation of the organization would be more stable for the long term.