臺灣勞動市場性別化分工的解析,1951-1994

Gendered Divisions of Labor in Taiwan, 1951-1994

本篇論文主要目的是以行政院主計處民國八十二年和八十四年出版的「中華民國臺灣地區人力資源調查統計年報」資料，描述和解析臺灣社會經濟發展三個時期：工業化前時期－1951~1965；工業化時期－1966~1981；後工業化時期－1982~1994的性別化分工趨勢。性別化分工即指兩性在行業和職位的百分比，性別化分工的趨勢則以兩性在行業和職業的百分比變動為基準。採性別區隔的雙元系統理論和勞動市場序列過程理論，解析每一發展時期，性別化分工的變動和特質。
結果發現，各個時期經濟發展的勞動市場結構不同，性別化分工的型態也不一。性別化分工的型態反映各個時期發展的勞動市場序列特性。共同的特性是每個時期，女性被視為勞動市場的後備軍，女生參與勞動市場較傾向於消極的行動者。工業化前的時期，女性多半集中在農業從事農業工作；工業化的時期農業式微，製造業興起，女性被擠進製造業；後工業化時期，女性則被隔離在白領底層，如文書處理以及服務業。綜合言之，1951年到1994年，行業間和職業間的性別分佈提供的圖像是混合的。從勞動市場的性別次序觀點，在序列上女性也許沒有被排除，但是確定的是她們不在序列的上層。

This paper is an attempt to analyze the gendered divisions of labor in terms of compositions of men and women in both occupations and industries in Taiwan, 1951-1994. The major data of this paper were based on the Manpower Survey Statistics from Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics （DGBAS） in 1993 and 1995. The dual system theory and the labor queues were reviewed and employed to interpret changes within the context of three stages of economic development: pre-industrialization, industrialization, and post-industrialization in Taiwan. The results indicate that the gendered divisions of labor exist in various forms in different stages. The form of the gendered divisions of labor reflects the nature and characteristics of the production system in each stage. In terms of the reserve army of labor, women in the labor force tend to be passive actors than active ones. During the period of the pre-industrialization （1951-1965）, women were concentrated at agriculture work. During the period of the industrialization （1966-1981）, agriculture has declined and manufacturing industry has grown, women have been driven into manufacture. During the period of the post-industrialization （1982-1994）, women were segregated into lower ends of white-collar work or service work. The gender composition across industry and occupation has presented a mixed picture. In terms of gender queues, women may not have been excluded from the ordering but definitely they have not been included in the top of ranking. Gender ideology in Taiwan is expressed and reinforced throughout various interacting processes at micro-and macro level as well.