陶淵明「飲者」形象的建構－－由〈五柳先生傳〉談起

The Construction of the Image of Tao Yuanming as a 'Drinker' : A Study of “The Biography of Master Five Willows” and Other Works

陶淵明一生雖無事功，但他辭官歸田，寫詩抒懷，以「隱者」與「詩人」的身分留名後世。除此之外，他愛酒嗜飲的軼事，「篇篇有酒」的作品，隨著傳記與詩文的流播，為人樂道、仿效，不僅成為陶淵明個人特定的象徵，也影響後代對於飲酒的觀感與文學的表現。因此，陶淵明的「飲者」形象，一如其「隱者」與「詩人」的身分，有值得深入探索的價值。本文先從各篇史傳皆引錄的〈五柳先生〉分析，這篇膾炙人口的「隱者」自傳，其實以相當篇幅勾畫了「飲者」，使得文中淡泊的隱士更具人間形象，也影響後世「隱者」與「飲者」連結的想像。其次分析史傳中的飲酒軼事，對照後代詩歌用典，足見其流傳之廣，以及陶淵明在後代飲酒文化中的獨特地位。然後再從自得自適的生活趣味，以及妙契自然的生命真性兩點，來談陶淵明如何深化飲酒的內涵。接著分析後代的討論，自蕭統以下，有許多為陶淵明飲酒解釋的文字，另外也有許多效擬陶詩的作品，以飲酒為高情逸趣的表現，開出悠然閒飲的文化意蘊。無論是極力為陶淵明擺脫酖酒形象，或是慕陶頌酒寄情詠懷，甚或只是醉飲酣歌攀附風雅，陶淵明無疑是將飲者形象帶入一個更具文化深度的重要關鍵人物。

Throughout his life, Tao Yuanming hadn’t quite established himself in public office, so he resigned from it and returned home. After he returned home, he wrote poetry to express his thoughts and feelings so that he was known by later generations as a “hermit” and a “poet.” What is more, through the circulation of his biography, poetry, and prose, the anecdotes about his loving alcohol and his works describing a drinker, have been recounted with great relish and even imitated. Tao’s image as a drinker, like his image as a hermit and a poet, is worth our study. This article first analyzes “The Biography of Master Five Willows” referred to by various historical documents. This popular autobiography of a “hermit” actually spares a considerate proportion to portray a “drinker.” This not only makes the unworldly hermit more human, but also influences the imagination of the link between “the hermit” and “the drinker” among later generations. Next, this article analyzes the drinking anecdotes reported in historical biographies and compares them with the allusions of them in later poetry, to prove their wide circulation and Tao Yuanming’s unique status in the drinking culture of later times. This article then discusses the “delight of alcohol” in Tao’s poetry in terms of the delight of daily life and the true nature of life. It also analyzes the discussions among later generations. Beginning from Xiao Tong’ work, there have been a lot of attempts to explain Tao Yuanming’s drinking behavior. However, there were also those who imitated his work and rendered drinking as a display of fine style and leisurely delight, and thus unfolded the cultural implication of carefree drinking. Tao’s influence on his various admirers and followers—those who tried their best to free Tao Yuanming from the image of a drunkard, those who admired Tao and celebrated drinking as the spiritual support and the media for expressing sentiments, or even those who only wanted to drink and sing in a pretentious refined style—proves that Tao Yuanming was the critical figure who brought greater cultural depth into the image of the drinker.