朱熹詩歌的自我境界

The Expression of the Self Concept in Zhu-Xi Poetry

自我心理學認為自我是一個包含能知覺、思考、計畫、決定、行動的主體我，以及主體我所知覺的自我觀念（由軀體我、社會我、人格我等觀念組合而成）的知覺結構。朱熹思想中的自我是由心、性、情三者組合而成。心是能知覺、思考、活動的主體，在心之中，含攝超越的性理在內，為心的道德本體，情是心活動時的各種情感表現。隨著心的知覺、思考與活動之差異，自我會顯示道德、知性、情趣美感、宗教……等各種境界。朱子生命姿彩豐富，自我的境界多色多樣，當中道德、知性與情趣美感三者十分顯豁。其一生詩酒與山水遊興不曾稍減，即其情趣美感境界之充分展現。然因朱子一生以聖賢事業自許，而格物、窮理、致知之學問事業亦不曾稍輟，故朱子之道德與知性之境界，實較情趣美感境界更為突顯。因此，朱子於吟咏詩歌之際，不免將其心性體驗與格物窮理所得，形之於詩歌。本文於是以道德境界、知性境界與情趣美感境界三者為準，探究朱子詩歌之自我境界。

“Self” is an important issue in religion, philosophy and psychology from past to present. Self could be divided into the “transcendent self” and the “experiential” self. The transcendent self is viewed by religion and philosophy as the immortal truth of self and is the basis of the experiential self. Besides, the transcendent self is the aim of ethical practice. On the other hand, the experiential self constitutes the main part of our real life. It creates our whole life, too. Furthermore, the experiential self could be classified into the moral self, the cognitive self and the affective self. Zhu-Xi’s moral self, cognitive self and affective self were developed extremely. His affective self was disclosed through his hobbies of poetry-writing, drinking and travelling. However, because of his great effort on moral and academic promotion, Zhu-Xi’s moral self and cognitive self were more apparent than his affective self. The two selves of Zhu-Xi were also rendered in his poetry. The essay aims to study the expression of Zhu-Xi’sself state in his poetry in light of the three aspects of moral self, cognitive self and affective self.