從歲時祭儀看宜灣阿美族傳統社會組織的互補性與階序性

COMPLEMENTARY AND HIERARCHICAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TWO FORMS OF TRADITIONAL AMI SOCIAL ORGANIZATION…… A Symbolic Perspective Based on an Analysis of the Annual Rituals of Iwan Village

關於阿美族的傳統社會組織，歷來的文獻已相當多。綜觀這些文獻，大都著重於各類組織的組成方式及其社會功能。相對之下，不同類組織間的關係，則較少受到注意。本文以宜灣部落的資料為主，經由傳統歲時祭儀的分析，試圖探索：阿美族傳統社會中，不同類組織間的關係，特別是男性年齡階級組織與通常由女子擔任家長的家庭間的關連°針對這個主題，在現有的文獻中，任先民及李亦園先生的著作特別值得留意。他們兩人曾分別指出：互補性（complementary）及階序性（hierarchical）是阿美族傳統社會組織運作的主要原則。經由本文的討論，我們可以發現互補性與階序性這兩個原則，同時呈現在宜灣阿美族的傳統歲時祭儀中，但呈現的形態則大異其趣。當然，本文只是就宜灣部落的傳統歲時祭儀資料所做的觀察。至於進一步的討論，有待從同一部落的不同類別儀式，儀式以外的其他社會層面，乃至不同部落的各層面資料中來陸續地進行。

The Ami, one of the Taiwan aborigine groups, have developed distinctive forms of social organization in settlement patterns, age organizations, clans, lineages, and families. The organizational principles and. social functions of each of these levels of organization have been the subject of several studies. But these studies have ignored how these various levels interrelate. Past studies have found two key principles in the varied forms of Ami social organization: locality and kinship. In brief, all the adult males in a traditional Ami settlement were organized in an age grade system, according to which the government of that community was structured. Age organization is, therefore, the best example of the locality principle. Families, which were usually headed by a female member, formed the basic unit of the kinship organization. The age organization and the family, therefore, represent the locality and kinship principles, respectively. This study focuses on the relationships between these two groups or principles. Around 1865 A.D., a group of Ami founded the settlement of Iwan, in Taitung county in the eastern part of Taiwan. The present study first reconstructs the annual rituals celebrated in traditional Iwan village. A structuralistic analysis of these rituals reveals the operation of two symbolic clusters, namely, male-fish-age organization and female-millet-family. In other words,three complementary dyads make up these clusters : male : female : : fish ：millet : : age organization : family. Analyzed in this way, previously in-explicable features of Ami taboos, pollution concepts, and other aspects of Ami annual rituals become comprehensible. An analysis of the annual rituals also demonstrates the relationship between these two symbolic clusters is structured according to the principles of complementary and hierarchy. The author argues that the complementary relationship between the two symbolic clusters in the annual rituals corresponds to the cooperative relation between age organization (or the locality principle) and family (or the kinship principle) in the traditional Ami social life. Moreover, the hierarchical relationship between the two symbolic clusters in the annual rituals places age organization in a position higher than the family and consequently, legiti-mates the dominant role of age organization in the traditional Ami society.