臺灣漢人宗族發展的若干問題－－寺廟宗祠與竹山的墾殖型態

TEMPLES, ANCESTRAL HALLS AND PATTERNS OF SETTLEMENT IN CHUSHAN

本文利用南投縣竹山鎮的田野調查資料來檢討臺灣漢人宗族發展的若干問題。首先介紹竹山聚落的墾殖型態及其經濟發展的過程，透過竹山經濟發展的五個階段來分析寺廟、宗祠的建立及其性質。然後根據前面的資料，從下列三方面來討論漢人宗族發展的問題。第一，檢討宗族產生的背景，臺灣的開拓初期是以地緣為基礎，而非以血緣關係為基礎，宗族的產生並非因邊疆環境的刺激，而是殖民的第二階段之結果。第二，宗族發展的過程中，分支雖然是一種自然的現象，但一個祭祀房的存在必須公共財產的支持，否則很難繼續存在。第三，一個宗族發展的條件，系譜及公共土地財產是互補的關係，兩者都是宗族發展的重要基礎。

We will discuss some aspects of Chinese lineage development in Taiwan, based on fieldwork conducted in Chushan. Conditions that give rise to the lineage and its segmentation are analyzed in the light of the pattern of settlement and the stages of economic development from the pioneer days of the first Chinese settlers to the modern era. The settlement of Chushan can be divided into five stages of economic development, as follows:(1) Koxinga-Early Ch'ing Period (1661-1795):Chinese began to migrate into the plains of the Choshui valley in Chushan to open up the hinterlands. Population started to grow with the building of irrigation systems and the cultivation of rice in the area.(2) Mid-Ch'ing Period (1796-1850):From the reigns of Chia-Ching to Tao-Kuang, Chinese started to exploit the land on the mountain sides. Other irrigation systems were built while new settlements expanded.(3) Late-Ch'ing Period (1851-1894):This period marked the beginning of a new stage of economic development with the introduction of new commercial crops such as sugar cane and camphor.(4) Japanese Occupation Period (1895-1945):Foreign capital was available for the development of new industries based on sugar and camphor production. Other crops such as tobacco and bananas were brought in. Rice output also increased with the introduction of hybrid Penglai variety.(5) Chinese Republican Period (1945):Local capital replaced foreign investments in the development of bamboo products while the sugar and camphor industries came to an end. Farmers formed cooperatives and made the bamboo industry the main source of economic support of the Chushan people.