水利和社會文化之適應－－籃城村的例子

IRRIGATION AND SOCIOCULTURAL ADAPTATIONS

本文利用筆者1973年在臺灣南投縣埔里鎮的調查材料寫成。探究水資源在籃城村的生態環境中所扮演的角色。首先我們發現籃城村是埔里盆地最缺水的社區。籃城村利用北烘圳。茄苳腳圳和南烘圳三圳以灌溉，但最主要的乃是北烘圳。北烘圳是埔里盆地諸圳渠中水利最差者之一。先敘述北烘圳的水利灌溉情形。再談及籃城村和北烘圳的水利發展。最後敘述籃城村之社會文化對水利發展之適應，計分水利和宗教、水利和武館、水利和政治三節，這一部分為本文之重心。全文用一種助發現的（heuristic）適應架構（adaptational framework）來貫穿。在此架構內，我們用‘生態反饋循環系統關係’（ecological feedback loop relationships） 來說明籃城村的水利和社會文化之適應。在此種關係中，我們發現‘水利’和其他變數形成反饋循環的互相影響關係。在多數情形下‘水利’是一個獨立變數 （independent variable），但有時它也是一個依變數（dependent variable）。

This paper is based on fieldwork in 1973 in the Lan-ch'eng village, a rice and sugarcane-cropping community, in the P'uli basin of central Taiwan. The role of water resources in the ecological environment of Lan-ch'eng was investigated. Lan-ch'eng has the greatest shortage of water among the communities along the banks of both the Mei river and the Nankang river. The fields of Lan-ch'eng have been irrigated by the Pei-hung canal, the Chia-tung-chiau canal and the Nan-hung canal. But the Pei-hung canal is the one most often used. The irrigational condition of the Pei-hung canal is the worst among all the canals in the P'uli basin. The irrigational condition of the Pei-hung canal is described. Then, the historical development of irrigation in Lan-ch'eng and the Pei-hung canal system is delineated. Finally, the sociocultural adaptations are analyzed in three parts:irrigation and religion,irrigation and fighting skill organization, and irrigation and politics.This study uses a heuristic adaptational framework. In the framework,the model of ecological feedback loop relationships is used to explain irrigation and its sociocultural adaptations. It has been found that irrigation in most cases is an independent variable, but sometimes it is a dependent variable.