松山建醮與社區

THE HEAVEN FESTIVAL OF SUNGSHAN AND ITS SOCIAL ASPECTS

臺北市松山區於民國五十二年農曆十月五日至十月十八日止，有一為期十四天的祈安建醮大拜拜，本所凌純聲所長認為這是一個很值得研究的題目，指定劉枝萬及陳中民兩位先生與作者，先作為期一夜兩天的實地觀察，嗣後再由劉枝萬、宋龍飛兩位先生與作者，分別從社會、經濟、藝術及宗教等各方面去調查研究這個以松山慈祐宮為中心的祭祀團體所舉行的建醮祭典，而由作者負責社會與經濟方面的調查研究。本文分成三大部份：先以作者所得之松山區之登記資料及有關文獻，加以分析說明松山區之一般狀況，其次敘及慈祐宮之沿革、祭祀範圍及管理組織，以明慈祐宮與該祭祀範圍內之各聚落的關係，最後從建醮局之組織及其組成原則之分析看各聚落間之關係，以及建醮祭典對該社區之經濟、社會方面所可能具有的意義，加以說明並為本文之結束。作者於調查與撰作期間，承蒙李亦園、王崧興及劉枝萬等師長前輩諸多提示，尤以凌所長之不時督促與指導，深使作者銘心感激，一並於此謹致由衷謝忱。

The purpose of this report is to discuss the meaning and the influence which the Heaven Festival of 1963 exerted on the community and economy of the Sung Shan area. This is a part of research of Taiwan folk religion of social anthropology sponsored by Dr. Ling Shun-sheng, Director of the Institute of Ethnology. The paper contains three parts, namely asurvey of the Sung Shan local area, Sung Shan Tzu Yu Kung and the deep influence of the Heaven Festival on the economy and community of the Sung Shan area. this report is to discuss the meaning1 and the influence which the of 1963 exerted on the community and economy of the Sung- Shan part of research of Taiwan foik religion of social anthropology Ling Shun-sheng, Director of the Institute of Ethnology. The paper contains three parts, namely a survey of the Suag Shan local area, Sung- Shan Tzu Yu Kung1 and the deep influence of the Heaven Festival on the economy and com mu nity of the Sung Shan area. 1)A Survey of Sung Shan Local Area: Sung Shan, located to the north-west of Taipei, is one of the districts of Taipei municipality into which it was merged in 1938. Its name was established as Sung Shan Chtuang during Japanese occupation, which is the origin of Sung Shan. It was formerly a site occupied by the Malysyakkaw of the Katagalan. plains tribes, till the 10th year of Chien-Lung (1745 A.D.), a great number of Fukienese appeared to engage in agriculture and pioneering, and a gradual increase in power made the Fukienese intrude upon the plains tribe's privilege and they were compelled to seek another place for living. Thus Sung Shan became the realm of the Fukienese. Sung Shan is 2071.9800 hectares in its total area, and in 1950 the population was about 36851, most of them living by agriculture, and then became a rural region. At the end of 1963 the population had increased to I07696 of which only 6.1% engaged in agriculture, while 39.5% in business and industry, but now the modern housing compiex and many big factories are taking the place of the former simple houses and diminish the size of the vast paddy-fields. It is out of question that Sung Shan emerges from a farm village to an urban region. 2) Sung Shan Tzu Yu Kung: As regards the extent of religious activities, Sung Shan was a market town area, during the period of Chien-Lung, people built a temple for their most popular goddess, Ma Chu, named Tzu Yu Kung. Tzu Yu Kung is presided by a committee of eleven members for management, in addition to the committee, Tzu Yu Kung also has Lo-chu (keeper of incense burner) and Tau-ke (boss, here used to mean the assistant of the Lo-chu) to administer the ritual at the birthda, of Ma Chu; the former is elected by local people, the latter is decided by divination. In the meantime, 147 persons who have much enthusiasm for religious affairs are appointed as representatives of votaries. In other words, the temple develops its activities by both local human relation and a local administrative system of communication. On the other hand, there are five organizations attached to Tzu Yu Kung for rendering their common services to the public. A market town area is organized by groups of many activities which sometimes are extendible and sometimes contractable, and this kind of groups has an unstable character. The Sung Shan market town area of the past showed the contracted phenomenon but now, especially in the last 10 years there have been extensional trends toward Nankang and Nei-hu {Taipei Prefecture). 3) The deep influence of the Heaven Festival on economy and community of the Sung Shan area: The Heaven Festival is an unusual event for the religious life, held at irregular intervals of several years, and it produces an extremely severe burden on local economy and finance. It is said that the last Heaven Festival which lasted for five days has cost almost N. T. Dollars seven thousand million. Every resident of Sung Shan who participated in the festive activity spent on the average: about N. T. Dollars five thousand, this figure was equivalent to 50% of the national income of 1963. Everybody knows that the Heaven Festival must cost such a high amount of money, nevertheless, it has some important infiuence on the community, above all, Sung Shan now is a rapidly urbanized boom community,due to original residents who now and then completed enter into relations with immigrant by using primary group contact. Because of the urbanizational life, people contact with each other leads to the forming of secondary group by personal interests. That are the reasons why Sung Shan area is to be integrated into a more steady community. Among these various activities, religion is the most important one, as we know religion itself has an ordinary social function of consolidation of people，for this the Heaven Festival is a proof, as the various activities connected with it make people conscious of their collective sentiment in the action of concentrating on religious activities. This may lead to the religious area becoming a stable social front.