文化自我意識與傳統的再創造：以布農人為例的研究

本文企圖理解傳統的再創造與文化的客體化對布農人的意義及其影響。筆者將傳統的復振置於國家挪用與文化觀光發展的脈絡中，探討布農人如何透過在當代對傳統的重新建構，來協商他們和國家與主流社會之間的關係。從對布農人的代表性祭典打耳祭細緻的民族誌分析，我們可以看到現代和過去之間最重要的連續性並不在於儀式象徵意義的複製，而在於霧鹿居民持續繁衍自己為布農人的獨特文化方式。從「傳統」在不同布農聚落所產生之不同政治效應的比較，本文指出傳統的復振與再創造可以是一種賦權（empowerment）的方式，有助於地方認同與社會性的建構，但它也可能讓布農人被納入對傳統的官僚化論述與商品邏輯之中，而更加被邊緣化。不同地區布農人不同的選擇，甚至同一個聚落中不同父系氏族的不同選擇，不僅呈現了「傳統」是布農人在特定歷史情境下之行動的產物，也讓我們期待布農文化未來會有更多發展的可能性。

This article aims to understand the meanings and impact of the reconstruction of tradition and the objectification of culture among the Bunun, an Austronesian- speaking indigenous people of Taiwan. It situates the revival of tradition in the contexts of state appropriation and the development of ethnic tourism, and shows how the Bunun attempt to negotiate their relationship with the state and the dominant society by reconstituting tradition in the present. From in-depth analysis of the Bunun’s signature ritual, malahtangia, we can see that continuity with the past lies not in the exact reproduction of the symbolic meanings of ritual, but in the culturally specific ways in which the Bunun sustain local identity and sociality by reproducing their concept of personhood. A comparison of tradition’s different political effects in several Bunun settlements shows that the revival of tradition can be a means of empowerment, but the politicization of culture also has the potential to draw the Bunun into the bureaucratized discourse of tradition which would result in their greater dependence on the state and a commodity logic that can further marginalize them. As the Bunun in different areas attempt to deploy culture as a conscious value and construct tradition as a product of their historically situated action, we can expect that Bunun tradition will become more diversified in the future.