為什麼反對移工／移民？－－利益衝突抑或文化排斥

Who Opposes Immigration?-Interest Conflict and Cultural Exclusion Explanations

東南亞移工與婚姻移民，兩者地緣來源相近、幾乎在同時期開始進入台灣、同樣是全球資本主義深化的結果、在國際分工體系中同樣地居於邊陲位置、同樣面對新種族主義歧視，台灣民眾對兩者的態度有何差異？相較之下，移工被視為經濟性的短期存在，擔負社會生產功能，也帶來物質性利益與衝突；婚移則被視為族群性的長期共存，被期待扮演再生產角色，對於國家既有認同與文化形成挑戰。而移工與婚移在台身份與角色處境的差異，也反映在民眾對兩種移民的接納態度之別。本文採用「2008年臺灣社會變遷調查計畫（第5期第4次）全球化組」資料，檢視民眾對這兩類移民的態度與因素。研究結果顯示：民眾對不同移民群體的態度脈絡是複雜且存在差異的。團體利益同時影響了對移工和婚移的態度，但是對移工和婚移有相反的影響，中低階層民眾會因利益衝突反對移工，但也會因利益需求而更支持婚移。文化認同與價值方面，因種族歧視而產生的文化偏見態度，並不影響民眾對移工的態度，卻影響民眾對東南亞婚移的態度。其他文化價值如多元文化和民族主義，則是同時影響民眾對這兩種移民的態度，多元文化觀有助於民眾接納包容不同移民族群；強調我群概念的民族主義則造成民眾排斥移工與婚移。透過區辨移民身分之別與不同的反移民因素，有助於未來在思考在政策上，如何緩解社會上不同群體對不同移民態度的對立性。

Southeast Asian marriage migrants and labor migrants from the same regional origins began entering Taiwan at almost at the same time and occupy similar marginal positions in the international division of labor. What explains the attitudinal differences among native Taiwanese toward these two groups? Labor migrants are short-term residents serving productive functions which might lead to interest conflicts with existing groups. However, marriage migrants are regarded as a permanent ethnic minority serving reproductive functions. Therefore, these migrants pose challenges to the preexisting collective identity and culture. Such distinctions are reflected in the divergences of public attitudes toward these two groups. This study hypothesizes that the exclusion of migrant workers in Taiwan is mainly caused by the inter-group interest conflict; in comparison, cultural identity accounts for the social exclusion of marriage migrants. We apply the ＂Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS) 2008: Globalization＂ dataset to examine the attitudinal differences toward these two types of migrants. The data show that public attitudes toward different types of migrants are complex and varied. Intergroup interest concerns account for exclusionary attitudes toward migrant workers, but not for those toward marriage migrants. With respect to cultural identity, cultural discrimination or racism as constructed in this study is related to the rejection of increasing marriage migrants but not to that of labor migrants. In addition, attitudes toward marriage and labor migrants are both affected by multicultural and nationalist orientations, with multiculturalism conducive to and nationalism detrimental to inclusiveness toward migrants. Through distinguishing the migrants by their status, we can further our understandings of public attitudes towards different types of migrants, and help future policy making on relationships between migrants and the native population.