咆哮山莊在臺灣：翻譯、改寫與仿作

Wuthering Heights in Taiwan: Translations, Adaptations and other Derivative Works

本文描述與分析英國十九世紀小說Wuthering Heights （1847） 一書在臺灣的翻譯、改寫與仿作，以探討此一文學經典在臺灣的接受史。這部作品在1945年以前即有三種中文全譯本，分別是伍光建的《狹路冤家》（1930）、梁實秋的《咆哮山莊》（1942）和羅塞的《魂歸離恨天》（1945）。1949年之後，梁譯和羅譯都在臺灣印行。以梁譯最為知名，梁譯書名「咆哮山莊」成為定稱，羅譯書名亦多改題「咆哮山莊」。羅譯盜版者最多，影響不可小覷。此後四十餘年，臺灣各譯本大多據此兩種譯本修改，並無重要新譯。一直到1993年，方平的《呼嘯山莊》才引進臺灣，書名仍改題「咆哮山莊」；此後孫致禮、楊苡、宋兆霖等名家的譯本也陸續出版正體字版。除了全譯本之外，臺灣亦有多種中英對照版本、兒童文學版本與漫畫版等。中英對照版本皆以學習英文為號召，但英文並非原作，而是簡化版本，譯文多半以羅譯或梁譯為底本，訛誤甚多。部分改寫版刪去敘事者的角色，大大削弱原文的層次，兒童改寫版亦有泛道德化問題。仿作則有張愛玲的《魂歸離恨天》劇本，近年日本小說家水村美苗的仿作《本格小說》中譯本及美國作家Lin Haire－Sargeant的The Story of Heathcliff's Journey Back to Wuthering Heights中譯本，可見Wuthering Heights在臺灣依然是很有活力的文學經典。本文即逐一討論上述各種譯本的特色，並探討臺灣長年依賴大陸舊譯的歷史因素和後果。

This paper looks at the reception of Wuthering Heights (1847) in Taiwan, including its translations, adaptations and other derivative works. There were three translations of Wuthering Heights in China before 1945: Xialu yuanjia by Woo Kwang Kien (1930), Paoxiao shanzhuang by Liang Shih-chiu (1942), and Hungui lihentian by Luo Se (1945). The latter two versions were reprinted many times in post-war Taiwan. Liang's version was so well-known that many publishers changed the title of Luo's version to Paoxiao Shanzhuang; however, there were more publishers reprinting Luo's version, sometimes under fake names, sometimes without the translator's name at all. From 1945 to 1993, all translations of W.H. in Taiwan were either Liang's or Luo's. There were no new translations until 1993, when Fang Ping's Huxiao shanzhuang, another mainland translation, was printed in Taiwan. After that, translations by Sun Zhili, Yang Yi and Song Zhaolin were also imported from mainland China. However, the titles of these four “new” translations were again all changed to Paoxiao shanzhuang, Liang's title. From 1945 up to the present, most Taiwanese readers have read W.H. through one of the six translations by mainland translators. Aside from full translations, there are simplified bilingual versions, versions adapted for young readers, comics, and other derivative works. Although the bilingual versions are for English learners, the translations are often of low quality. As for the children's versions, editors often added some “educational” elements and provided the tale with a moral. Two scripts based on the novel and translations of derivative works in other languages, including The Story of Heathcliff 's Journey Back to Wuthering Heights by Lin Haire-Sargeant and Honkaku Shosetsu (A Real Novel) by Minae Mizumura, are also discussed in the paper.