族群互動與遷徙、擴散：以清代哆囉嘓社人遷徙白水溪流域為中心

Ethnic Interaction, Migration and Expanded Living Space of Shufan in Mountain Peripheral Areas of Jia Nan Plain during Qing Dynasty: A Study of Duo-luo-guo-she

本文擬從地域史與族群關係史的觀點，以文獻史料、古文書、教會資料為主，輔以日治時期戶籍資料及田野調查、口述歷史等，以舊社在急水溪中游的哆囉嘓社，如何展開其搬遷上游（即白水溪流域）的行動，並形成以熟番為主體的社會為討論重點。除了重建哆囉嘓社址變動暨其搬遷沿山地區的歷史外，並探討十八世紀中葉，南嘉南平原（八將溪，今八掌溪以南）蕭壠、蔴荳等熟番族群（並及玉井盆地的大武壠社群）出走原鄉的緣由與影響，亦考察埔、漢勢力變遷圖像與熟番移住模式，並回應過去有關清代熟番聚居沿山地帶的主張之適用性。本文指出：熟番遷居原因涉及番漢族群、熟番社群間的生存競爭，且早在乾隆年間土牛新、舊界劃定時已展開沿山邊區的搬遷行動；既非國家政策安排而遷居，亦無關傳統生活方式的維持與否（帶著受漢文化洗禮的生活方式而移住）。另方面顯示，乾隆中葉以來，因自然環境的限制，白水溪流域沿山地帶的漢人社會邊區，反而得以成為熟番生息休養的主要根據地。本文不僅釐清沿山邊區向來屬於臺灣史灰色地帶的歷史發展圖像，也有助於理解清代埔、漢族群及熟番社群的互動情形。

The migration of ethnic groups has been an important topic in history. This paper traces the migration and the expanded living space of ethnic groups in the mountain peripheral areas of Jia Nan Plain during Qing Dynasty. Ancient literature, historical materials of Qing Dynasty, household registry records of the Japanese colonial era, oral histories and other religious data were reviewed. Field work was also carried out to examine in particular the migration of Duo-luo-guo-she to hillside areas in face of competition from both the Hans and other aborigines. With the influx of Han immigrants, shufan of Da-wu-long-she, Madou she and Xiaorong she not only faced intense competition for survival but also suffered the reduction in living space. As a result, beginning from the 1850s, they moved out from their original settlement in Jia Nan Plain and the hills of Neimen northward to the living territory of Duo-luo-guo-she. This study analyzed the migration of three tribes of shufan to new distant settlements and their interaction with Duo-luo-guo aborigines was also explored in the light of the change in living space. Before the 1860s, the Qing government began putting T'u-niu boundary epitaphs (tu niu xin jie) all over Taiwan, clearly demarcating territories under Qing rule. The main reason behind the migration of shufan to the hillside near Bai-shui River was competition for survival, rather than driven by state policy or motivated by their desire to preserve their traditional lifestyle. From the mid 18th century when the shufan first migrated and then settled, they had remained the dominant tribes in the hillside areas of Jia Nan Plain. Poor accessibility of the areas and sterile land had contributed to the preservation of their living space. Findings of this study not only shed light on the somber history and social development of shufan communities, but also the interaction between ethnic groups and migration patterns along the mountain peripheral areas.