在日臺灣人與戰後日本神戶華僑社會的變遷

Taiwanese Immigrants and Evolution of Kobe Chinese Societies in Post-War Japan

戰後日本華僑人口4萬多人，其中臺籍華僑約佔半數。由於日本殖民統治臺灣的背景，因此二次大戰結束後，在日臺灣人加入華僑社會，其人數凌駕中國各省籍華僑，一躍成為第一位。人口結構的改變，不僅促使華僑社會發生顯著變化，也成為日本華僑社會的特色。但脫離了日本51年統治後的臺籍華僑，在接受「中國人」新身分同時，卻也無可避免受到中國政局的影響。特別在經歷了臺灣二二八事件，及因國共內戰而在1949年分裂為中華民國與中華人民共和國「兩個中國」的對峙局面下。並且，戰後冷戰體制下圍繞在臺灣、中國、日本三方間錯綜複雜的東亞局勢，也影響了臺籍華僑與日本華僑社會。就這樣，臺籍華僑歷經不同政權與身分的轉換後，有部分人自發地選擇認同中華人民共和國，並致力於各種促進「中」日關係的活動與宣傳社會主義中國，日本華僑社會也因此逐漸走向對立與分裂。神戶為戰後到1950年代末日本華僑社會人口數佔第二位的都市，在戰前即已形成的傳統僑社，與東京分屬關東和關西地區的兩處華僑集中重鎮。日本統治臺灣時期在神戶的臺灣人雖只有少數，但到了戰後不僅人數大幅增加，且在華僑社會佔有重要地位，也有明顯支持中華人民共和國的傾向。故本文以在神戶支持中華人民共和國的華僑組織為中心，一方面具體分析在神戶的臺籍華僑與其華僑組織變化的關係，另方面也能從與東京華僑社會間的連動關係，瞭解戰後中華人民共和國如何展開對日本華僑的政策。

There were more than 40,000 Chinese in post-war Japan; and about half of them were from Taiwan. After World War II, Taiwan was no longer a Japanese colony; and many overseas Taiwanese in Japan joined the Chinese Society and they outnumbered those from other Chinese provinces. Such change in the composition of the Chinese Society not only had a profound impact but also became its key feature. With the end of 51-year Japanese colonial rule in Taiwan, the overseas Taiwanese in Japan embraced their new identity as 'Chinese'. Nevertheless, their national identification was inevitably affected by the political situation in their 'Motherland'; in particular, the 228 Incident in Taiwan and the split of power in China after the civil war in 1949. Furthermore, the tension among Taiwan, China and Japan during the Cold War had much influence the overseas Taiwanese and their relationship with the Chinese Society in Japan. After experiencing a series of government handovers and identity transformations, some overseas Taiwanese chose to identify themselves with the People's Republic of China (P.R.C) and started forging the relationship between China and Japan and promoting Chinese socialism. Conflicts arose, resulting in the split of the Chinese Society. Kobe had a well-established Chinese Society. In fact, it had the second largest overseas Chinese population from the post-war period to the end of the 50s. Kobe and Tokyo were the major Chinatowns in Kanto and Kansai areas, respectively. During the colonial era, there were only a few Taiwanese in Kobe; but the Taiwanese population increased dramatically after World War II, so did their roles in the Chinese Society and their support to the P.R.C. This article focuses on the overseas Taiwanese in Kobe who supported the P.R.C. The research objectives are to study the changes in relationship between overseas Taiwanese and the Chinese Society in Kobe, and to examine the interactions in the Chinese Society in Tokyo in order to understand the policy of the P.R.C. government toward overseas Chinese in Japan.