臺灣拓殖株式會社在海南島事業之研究

Business Operations of Taiwan Development Corporation on Hainan Island

一九三六年創設的臺灣拓殖株式會社，是以臺灣總督府、糖業資本及財閥資本為主，合資成立的「國策會社」。一九三九年三月起，臺拓在軍方的指令下進入海南島，開始著手各項事業。其在海南島的投資金額，僅次於公開採鐵礦為主的日本窒素、石原礦業，在海軍指令下全力擴張的淺野水泥，以及行多角經營的代表性財閥企業三井物產。臺拓的投資規模雖然不小，但是在海南島的主要事業僅為農林、畜牧、運輸、製冰、建築及伐木業，其他如水產、礦業、電氣、通信事業等，都無緣插手。本文首先重建臺拓在海南島的各項經營史，並探討何以經營項目侷限於農林畜牧等事業之原因。進而指出至少由於海南島在「大東亞共榮圈」中地位改變的影響、無法網羅足夠的技術人才、資源調度不夠靈活、不具經營之自主性、經營成本過高等因素，限制了臺拓的發展。不過若與一九○○年代「三五公司」的「對岸經營」相較，臺拓經營的項目遠較三五公司時期為多，這可以視為30年間臺灣整體經濟力成長之呈現；然而，總督府在對外擴張上受限於日本中央的性格則相同。另一方面，由臺灣總督府殖產局調查團報告書中，多強調臺灣稻作及甘蔗栽培經驗、品種移植之可能性與重要性來看，可襠臺灣對海南島農業能夠發揮之作用十分顯著；而海南島的農業試作，也正提供了臺北帝大等學術探險與實驗的機會。

The Taiwan Development Corporation (TDC), 1936-1946, is a semi-public national corporation funded by the Taiwan Government-General, sugar refinery business and financial conglomerates (Zaibatsu). By the order of the Japanese naval force, the TDC began business operations on Hainan Island in March 1939. The investment of TDC on Hainan Island was enormous, only second to Japan Nitrogenous Fertilizer and Ishihara Industries involved in mining; Asano Cement, an enterprise in the process of expansion by the order of the naval force; and Mitsui Bussan, a representative Zaibatus. Though heavy, TDC's investment on Hainan Island was only limited to agriculture and forestry, livestock, transportation, ice-making, construction and lumbering industries; and was not involved in other developing industries such as fisheries, mining electrical appliance (電氣事業) and telecommunications. This paper first reconstructs the management history of TDC on Hainan Island and then explores why TDC's business operations were restricted to the abovementioned industries. Reasons including the change in the status of Hainan Island in the Great East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere, insufficient human capital like technical experts, lack of efficient and autonomous management, as well as high cost of production all pose constraints on TDC .development. Compared with San-wu Company, a representative enterprise of the 1900s, TDC had more and varied business operations, an indication of Taiwan's overall economic development in the three decades. Contrary to its free economic expansion, Taiwan's imperialism was restricted by Japanese central government. On the other hand, the reports of Taiwan Government-General contained great emphasis on the experience of rice cultivation and sugar cane plantation as well as the important and possibility of selective breeding. This revealed the significant role played by Taiwan in Hainan's agricultural development. Reciprocally, Hainan Island also offered a based and opportunity for academic exploration and experimentation.