日治初期臺灣總督府的「熟番」政策－－以宜蘭平埔族為例

The Plains Aborigines Policy of Taiwan Soutokufu during Early Japanese Rule - A Case Study of Kavalan on Gilan Plains

在日治初期的臺灣總督府看來，熟番在文化上與漢人接近，居住於普通行政區，可以視為「帝國臣民」；同時，熟番又以其「非漢人群」身分，成為番政不能完全排除的對象。因此，本文以國家的角度，從「地方行政」、「理番事務」兩個分別處理「帝國臣民」與「非漢人群」的政策脈絡切入，以宜蘭平埔族為例，討論明治二十八年至三十六年（1895－1903），臺灣總督府如何摸索熟番界於「漢」與「非漢」之間的兩面性，賦予，利用或壓制熟番的族群性；並以護鄉兵的建立與轉型，顯示總督府操作臺灣族群關係的企圖。日治初期的熟番政策，在總督府理蕃事務進入以生番為主要對象的階段後，並在單線演化族群觀的預期下，似乎逐漸消弭無形。然而，檢驗日治時代的人口統計資料，我們看到漢人、熟番、生番三大分類，歷數十年而不變；不但，「番vs.人」持續代表臺灣社會「非漢vs.漢」的人群分類架構，熟番亦依舊游走於兩者之間。國家對族群邊界的持續支配，使熟番在番部門中，因其形似漢人，而與生番各自成類、互不相親；但在漢部門裡，則無論如何類同漢人，仍跨不過「漢」與「非漢」的隔絕界線。

During early Japanese rule, shu-fan were considered culturally affiliated with Han Chinese by Taiwan Soutokufu (Government-General of Taiwan). Shu-fan, who took residence in the general administration region, were beyond doubt imperial subjects, but their non-Han identity subjected them to the jurisdiction of aboriginal affairs. This paper discusses how Taiwan Soutokufu adopted both local administration policy and aboriginal jurisdiction to deal with the ethnicity of Kavalan Shu-fan on Gilan plains from 1895 to 1903. in addition, examining the establishment and transformation of Gokyouhei would shed light on how Taiwan Soutokufu manipulated the relations among ethnic groups in Taiwan to maintain its governing power. With Taiwan Soutokufu turning its attention to sheng-han, the prior emphasis on shu-fan policy during early Japanese rule gradually vanished. Nevertheless, the census statistics of the Japanese government revealed that the population at that time was composed of three main groups, namely, Han Chinese, shu-fan and sheng-fan. This situation ahd remained unchanged for more than 10 years. The dichotomy between fan and Han persisted, separating the non-Han from Han Chinese in Taiwan, with shu-fan wavering between sheng-fan and Han Chinese. The ongoing manipulation of the state on ethnic distinction caused shu-fan to differentiate themselves from sheng-fan due to their physical resemblance to Han Chinese. However, such similarity did not lead to assimilation, and shu-fan remained non-Han in the eyes of Han Chinese.