以順稱義：論客家族群在清代臺灣成為義民的歷史過程

Declaring Righteousness for Obedience: The Historical Process of How the Hakka Became 'Righteous People'(Yimin,義民) in Qing Taiwan

這篇論文主要的目的是，嘗試從清代在臺灣史上的定位、國家角色，以及客民在不同時期和國家、官僚之間的互動關係中，來解析何以「客民」會成為「義民」的歷史過程，並進一步指出所謂「義」的歷史意涵。清代作為外來異族政權的國家性質，使臺灣社會的國家認同意識渙散，在臺的漢人官吏在對臺統治上必須扮演關鍵的中介角色。基本上，由臺灣當地人所組成的武力，無論是「義番」或「義民」都是清代對臺統治的輔助武力。「義民」在一開始並不限定於特定族群，而是漳、泉、粵三籍人民都有，但後來卻成為客家族群特定的族群標籤；這和客家素習拳勇、驍勇善墾有關。國家和社會脫節使得清代治臺官本身的屬性和利益成為整個社會發展方向的決定因素，在臺官吏逼了自保宦途，一方面在軍上必須藉助於鄉勇、團練等武力平定亂事，另一方面在經濟上也必須藉助於善墾的客家族群開發內山。在本文中，主要的分析是清代在臺官僚體系和地方菁英的利益結合為主軸，分為兩個時期來討論：第一個時期是從康熙到乾隆年間的被動稱義時期，這部份的討論重心主要在於分析官莊從設立到廢除的過程中，這此來臺的官員如何鑽營因國家對臺灣的陌生所產生的統治漏洞，利用「客民」作為自己的開墾先鋒；第二個時期是從乾隆末年到割臺的主動稱義時期，也就是十八紀紀中葉以後到十九世紀末葉，這部份主要是分析來臺官吏如何利用漢人開拓新土地來源的需要，分化不同族群以鞏固國家的統治利益。不同時期的政治經濟條件變化，使客家族群為因應在臺官吏的利益考量，而逐漸從被動到主動成為「義民」。

This article aims at illuminating the historical process of how the Hakka became 'Righteous people' in alliance with the Qing ruler in Taiwan, in the light of the nature of Qing state as a foreign regime and interactive relationship between the Hakka group and bureaucratic staffs. As a foreign ruling regime the Qing state was not able to obtain a strong national commitment of the ruled Han people, and thus made the bureaucratic staffs constituted by the Han people played a key role in ruling Taiwan. The military forces used by the Qing dynasty in suppressing rebellions in Taiwan, no matter the Han righteous people or the aboriginal righteous people (Yifan 義番)， are made of Taiwan's local inhabitants. In the beginning, the sources of 'righteous people' were not confined to the Hakka, but included peoples of Zhang (潭) and Quan (泉) groups. However,'righteous people' became a specific label of the Hakka group later; this development had much to do with the ethnic characteristics of the Hakka as a group of being good at fighting and agricu1ture. The gap between the Qing state and Taiwan society made the orientation and interest of Han bureaucratic staffs become determinant factors in the development of the society. The Han bureaucratic staffs chose the Hakkas as alliances because of their capacity in military campaigns and economic need of developíng ínner mountaín area. The discussions in this article are divided into two periods following the main axis of the interest alliance between the Han bureaucratic staffs and the Hakka group. The first is a passive declaring period, lasting from Kangxi (康熙) to mid Qianlong (乾隆) reign. For this part, the discussion is focused on analyzing the official farm (Guanzhuang 官莊) as private estates of the Han bureaucratic staffs from its setting up to abolition. These estates relied on the farming laborers supplied by the Hakka group. The second is an active declaring period, lasting from the late Qianlong period to the ceding of Taiwan in 1895. The analyses focus on the process of how the Han bureaucratic staffs uti1ized the Hakka group as labor force to develop inner mountain area and utilized their capacity to run new enterprises for increasing tax revenue.