「清潔」、「衛生」與「保健」－－日治時期臺灣社會公共衛生觀念之轉變

Sanitation, Hygiene and Public Health: Changing Thoughts of Public Health in Colonial Taiwan

日本殖民政府自領臺以來，以德國衛生學為基礎陸續在臺推動相關的政策與衛生工程。從這些衛生政策的延續與連貫性來看，可知殖民政府的衛生施政同時呼應了日本國內的發展、衛生官員的偏好、及國際間公共衛生學說的演進。本文的主旨即在探討此一歷史發展特性，並呈現日治時期臺灣地區公共衛生觀念遞嬗的經過。早在一八九五年以前，臺灣就曾經出現各式各樣的健康觀與衛生論，然而這些觀點並未成為有系統的政策。在日治時期，日本衛生學者及官員不僅是臺灣衛生健康狀態的觀察者，同時也是新學說及觀念的教導引介者。伴隨著醫事專業團體的出現與臺籍醫師漸成一新興社會階級，對於健康觀與衛生思想的解釋權不再定於一尊。臺灣社會不僅以新的健康和衛生標準檢驗自己的生活條件，也開始借用其中的某些概念肯定自我，甚至以較平等的態度面對日本的殖民醫學。總的來說，在日治時期臺灣社會的健康觀與衛生思想，逐漸趨近於當時重要的世界醫學及衛生學主流思潮。不過，在這個觀念及思想相互交融的過程中，臺灣社會的角色基本上是比較被動的。

This article is a preliminary study on the changing thoughts of sanitation and health in colonial Taiwan. The author attempts to trace the links between various statements related to sanitary conditions in colonial Taiwan and medical theories and progress across a wide range of western works. It is aimed at demonstration how medical and public health progress or definitions in the West enacted the thoughts of sanitation and health in Taiwan. Some historians argued that the Japanese practitioners imposed the hygienic values in Taiwan for the purpose of colonial rule, this study, however, suggested that such values might simply percolate downward or at least around in colonial Taiwanese society randomly. In conclusion, the changing thoughts of sanitation and health in colonial Taiwan have highlighted the differences-in particular the greater role of the state in promoting sanitary policies-as well as the similarities to the changing mainstream from the German model to the Anglo-American model.