清代竹塹地區的商人團體－－類型、成員及功能的討論

The Merchant Groups of Chu-ch'ien Area in Ch'ing Taiwan: Some Discussions on Their Types, Members and Functions

清代竹塹地區的商人團體有兩種，一種是清末在中港、香山以及九芎林等鄉街出現的同街鋪戶公記；另一種則是進出口貿易商人所組成的郊。清中葉竹塹城首先出現在地的商人團體塹郊金長和，光緒年間又陸續出現船戶團體金濟順與腦郊，顯現竹塹地區郊出現分化現象。但是，相對於區域性大港市，竹塹郊的分化不但極晚才產生，而且郊數不多，分化較不顯著。塹郊金長和長期以來是竹塹地區最重要的商人團體，其成員雖然也有大陸商人參與，但是在地商人仍是塹郊成員的主體。加上，原籍同鄉結社並不明顯，大致上可以視為在地的同業公會。清中葉以降，塹郊金長和也以組織的力量參與竹塹地區的政治、經濟、宗教以及社會公益慈善活動。不過，同治末年塹郊抽分權改歸釐金局辦理之後，塹郊功能產生明顯的轉變。塹郊金長和在社會公益活動的空間縮小後，其運作更集中於興郊本身或與郊商有關的經濟或宗教事務，而更為專業化、更像一個商業組織，繼續發揮其仲裁商業糾紛與維護郊商利益的功能。至於原來的社會公益事業，則轉由地方上權有勢的紳商負擔。

There existed two different kinds of merchant groups in the Ch'ing Chu-ch'ien area. The first one was同街鋪戶公記 (common stamp of shops in the same town), which emerged in the village-townships during the late Ch'ing period; for example, Chung-kang中港, Hsiang-shan香山and Chiu-ch'iung-lin九芎林. The other type of merchant group-Chiao郊 (merchants' guild) -was formed by the merchants who engaged in trade business. The first local merchant group - Ch'ien-chiao Chin-Ch'ang-ho塹郊金長和-appeared at Chu-ch'ien city in Mid-Ch'ing period. Then, Ch'uan-hu-t'uan-ti Chin-chi-shun船戶團體金濟順 (group of junk owners) and Nauchiao腦郊 (guild of camphor merchants) emerged in Kuang-hsu period (1875-1895), and showed the differentiation of the Chu-ch'ien's merchants' guild. For a long time, h'ien-chiao Chin-Ch'ang-ho was the most important merchant group in the Chu-ch'ien area. Some members of merchants' guild in Ch'ien-chiao塹郊came from Mainland China, but the local merchants still played the most important role in this organization. Merchants' guild in Chu-ch'ien participated in political, economic, religious and social-welfare activities. Since the power of collecting dues bymerchant's guild in Chu-ch'ien was took over by the Bureau of Li-kin (釐金局) in late T'ung-chih period, the functions of merchants' guild in Chu-ch'ien changed dramatically. Merchants' guild in Chu-ch'ien paid most of its concern on the guild's work or economic and religious affairs, while the participation of social-welfare and charity business transmitted to the hands of the powerful local merchant-elite.