一九三０年代以前日治時期台灣醫學的特質

日本自明治維新起，師法德國醫學，建立一套符合西方標準、切應日本需求的醫學體系。1895年以後日本殖民政府帶給臺灣一套在其本國初奠基礎的西方醫學模式，但因為時空條件的改變，以及殖民統治上特定的需要，這套醫學模式運用於臺灣時顯然與國內有所不同，大概要等到一九三○年代才算粗具規模。日本國內的醫學發展自始就不是一成不變的，而日治時期臺灣社會所接受的日本醫學，當然也不可能亳無變化。大致說來，殖民地臺灣在一九一○年代前後有過醫學理論上的轉變。這個改變是日本國內因應一八九○年代吸取德國社會衛生學、國家醫學，和細菌學理論後的結果。臺灣在一九一○年代以後，透過各級醫師與衛生人員，移轉某些日本醫學的特點，並用於已行之有年的政策與制度裡。這種醫學理論向殖民地輸出的現象，一則顯示了日本醫界有一定的信心輸出他們的醫學新知；再則在移植日本醫學至殖民地的過程裡，醫學理論的選擇和資源的分配，甚至對臺灣傳統醫療觀念的轉化，都點出臺灣醫學發展上的被殖民特性。對於一九三○年代以前臺灣醫學特質的分析，不僅呈現了臺灣殖民醫學的獨特經驗，也透露殖民醫學的複雜性，更再次呼應醫學是一種「擬科學」的觀點。

Since the Meiji Restoration, Japan modeled German medicine to build her own medical system. The colonial government brought the newly-appeared Japanese medicine to Taiwan after 1895, but faced necessary alterations due to the different situation and the needs of the colonial rule. Generally speaking, this paper begins with Japanese medical modernization followed by three dimensions of the colonial medicine in Taiwan. First, medicine's role as a 'tool of Japanese colonialism' is the most familiar theme to Taiwanese historians. Their principal concern was with the health of the Japanese in Taiwan. This paper has done much to reveal new factors of this dimension. Medicine has also been viewed as an instrument of 'social control' in the colony, providing means of 'knowing' the indigenous environment, and rationales for social segregation. In this paper, these took the form of selective and degrading medical education and intervention. Finally, the third major theme of this paper concerns contradictions and rivalries within the Japanese medicine itself, and the way in which these were illustrated by the development of Taiwanese medicine. I concluded that the colonial government imported some characteristics of German and Japanese medicines to Taiwan, but periodically altered the development of Taiwanese medicine by non-medical reasons. By the end of the 1930s, Taiwanese medicine grafted Japanese medicine and formed several unique characteristics itself. In short, this paper reveals the colonial features of Taiwanese medicine, the complexity of colonial medicine, and a discourse of 'medicine as a quasi-science.'