二林地區漢人拓墾過程與平埔族群移居活動之探討

The Relation Between the Chinese Land Reclamation Process and Aboriginal Migration: A Case Study of Two Tribes in the Vicinity of Erhlin

本文企圖透過中部臺灣二林地區兩個土著族社的個案研究，考察土著部落的移居活動。依據歷史丈獻與田野資料，本文思考漢人拓墾壓力與平埔族群遷徙的關係，也企圖探究導致二林地區土著移居的因素。所得結論如下：（一）基於狩獵、游耕，以及習俗、信仰上的因素，早期土著部落十分習於遷徙。漢人移入後，隨其拓墾勢力的拓展，一方面造成土著的遷居，另方面逐漸地也成為限制其移徙的因素。因此，直到十九世紀移居埔里盆地之前，土著族社再無社域內的遷村活動。（二）就土著與漢民的地權互動關係而言，不適於漢人農墾活動的地區，如貧瘠旱地與低窪地帶，反而成為社民最後的保留地。然而旱地的農墾價值，藉由農墾條件的改善，土地品質較之低窪地帶易於提升。十九世紀當埔里盆地的移居環境與客觀條件成熟，擁有旱地的二林社民乃得以籌足資金入埔。（三）二林社於十九世紀中末葉廢社遠離；大突社除少數搬遷入埔，留居者於舊居水災為患後舉社遷徙，惟其受限於經濟能力，只能在社域中之低地再建村落。二林社帶著財富與漢人的生活經驗，移居埔里盆地，關於其入埔動機，尚難定論。惟就其新居為以土著為主體的社會而論，找尋一個以土著為主導的生活環境，或為其入埔主因。而類此需籌措資金之遷徙，性質不同於之前因生活型態，或歷史初期因漢人拓墾活動或壓力所引起者。

This paper describes and analyzes the Chinese land reclamation process in the vicinity of Erhlin. Basing on historical and field data, the reasons behind the migration of aboriginal peoples as well as the relationship between pressures of Chinese settlement and aboriginal migration are discussed.(1) Aboriginal tribes were accustomed to moving about according to their life style. However, such practice of moving stopped after the arrival of Han Chinese. For this reason, Chinese reclamation process was not only the main cause for aboriginal migration but also posed limitation to the life, space available for the natives. After the nineteenth century, the aboriginal peoples could not continue to move about unless they found a new place, such as the P'u-li Basin, for them to migrate.(2) The more the land were reclaimed by the Han, the fewer the land owned by the natives. However, the infertile dry farmlands and the low-lying areas, both being unfit for cultivation, remained in the hands of the aborigines. Nevertheless, the former which could be improved by agricultural technology were more valuable than the latter. That is why the Erhlin natives who owned dry farmlands eventually moved to P'u-li Basin in the late nineteenth century while most of the Ta-t'u natives remained in the low-lying areas, not reclaimed by Han Chinese.(3) Conventional ideas attributed aboriginal migration simply to the loss of their land rights in the reclamation process. However, instead of driven by poverty, it was the weathy native people who were able to migrate. The reason why Ta-t'u tribe rebuilt their village in the low-lying areas after the flood instead of moving away was because they only had limited financial resources. On the contrary, the wealthier Erhlin tribe who own their properties and were sinicized decided to resettle in the P'u-li Basin. What exactly motivated their migration remained unclear. However, since P'u-li Basin was still dominated by native culture, what prompted their moving might be their desire to find a better life space away from the Han domination.