花蓮日本官營移民村初期規畫與農宅建築

Study of Planning of Japanese Immigrant Village and Farmstead During Colonized Period in Hua Lian

本文是站在「連續性」的建築歷史或是環境變遷史的角度，以目前仍保有日治時期規畫堂徵的花蓮三大日本移民村為例之探討論文。若要使臺灣的建築史這門學問得以成立，睞解日治時期的建築生活環境，並且分析戰後臺灣人進住，如何增建、改建，甚至對居住異文化的調適與衝擊等的課題是必須的。本文就是要討論這一連串課題的先期作業，亦即探討花蓮日本移民村規畫與農宅建築為踏腳石的作品。經過本文重新分析與臺灣殖民政策有直托相關的東鄉實之著書，可以明確的指出其日本移民政策並無「同化臺灣人」的初始目的，而是為達成「建設健全的純粹日本村；扶植日本民族的純粹國民性；以備臺灣島民的民族自覺」之目標。移民村的規畫設計工作直接由總督府內的移民課調查係負責，當時採用學自西洋的計畫手法，又擔憂臺灣當地的社會治安實情，規畫、設計了住宅地集中，農耕地分佈在外圍的棋盤式移民村。建築方面則採取了日式農宅最根本的原型建築形村，其宅地周遭的土地使用，完全符合日式建築的特徵，尤其是農民日常生活與農事作業上不可或缺的「土間」，佔花蓮移民農宅面積的42％很高的比例。經由調查係的規畫，適合農耕的農地，以土地分割的區劃型態，經過了昭和時期、戰後的50年歲月，行至今日尚能保留其規畫的成果。到了戰後，這些結果被臺灣人農民所繼承。至於日式的農宅建築，因興建之初，為節省經費，除了小學校是用瓦頂木造建築以外，都是白石灰牆與茅草頂。這些建築到了戰後，因為文化與習慣不同的臺灣人進住，住宅內部空間以及建築的建材、平面空間都一一受到轉變或被加以繼承。若能將這些轉化轉用的過程與現象加以檢討，則應可達到探討臺灣居民如何的接受外來文化及其方法之目的。

After investigating Japanese and Taiwanese residential district on the immigrant village, which located in Hua Lian and was planned by the Government-General of Taiwan directly during colonized period, we understand that the segregate policy on physical environment planning has been taken before World War II in Taiwan. Although like this segreate policy was not found on the west Taiwan until nowadays. While the Government- General of Taiwan carrying forward that immigrant village plan, the techniques and theories of western physical environment planning was used, this meaning that the villages were planned by grid pattern. Besides, they were afraid of the threat of aborigines' attack. For defense reason, the settlers were planted in some certain concentrated tribes, and these tribes were surrounded by outside agricultural land, which was divided by bigger pattern. And the farmhouses in the immigrant villages were designed as the smallest prototype of Japanese farm building's plan. Inside the farmhouses, these farmhouse owned large percentage 'mud floor' that townhouse owned. Owning large percentage 'mud floor' of inside space of farm building was a special characteristic to Japanese farmhouse.